Editing Louis XVIII (section)

==Exile==

===Early years===
When the Count of Provence arrived in the [[Low Countries]], he proclaimed himself [[regent]] of France. He exploited a document that he and Louis XVI had written{{sfn|Nagel|2008|page=113}} before the latter's failed escape to [[Varennes-en-Argonne]]. The document gave him the regency in the event of his brother's death or inability to perform his role as king. He would join the other princes-in-exile at [[Coblenz]] soon after his escape. It was there that he, the Count of Artois, and the [[Princes of Condé|Condé princes]] proclaimed that their objective was to invade France. Louis XVI was greatly annoyed by his brothers' behaviour. Provence sent emissaries to various European courts asking for financial aid, soldiers, and munition. Artois secured a castle for the court in exile in the [[Electorate of Trier]] (or "Treves"), where their maternal uncle, [[Clemens Wenceslaus of Saxony]], was the [[Prince-elector|Archbishop-Elector]]. The activities of the ''émigrés'' bore fruit when the rulers of [[Prussia]] and the [[Holy Roman Empire]] gathered at [[Dresden]]. They released the [[Declaration of Pillnitz]] in August 1791, which urged Europe to intervene in France if Louis XVI or his family were threatened. Provence's endorsement of the declaration was not well received in France, either by the ordinary citizens or by Louis XVI himself.{{sfn|Nagel|2008|pages=113-114}}

In January 1792, the Legislative Assembly declared that all of the {{lang|fr|émigrés}} were traitors to France. Their property and titles were confiscated.{{sfn|Nagel|2008|page=118}} The monarchy of France was abolished by the [[National Convention]] on 21 September 1792.{{sfn|Hibbert|1982|page=180}}

Louis XVI was [[Execution of Louis XVI|executed in January 1793]]. This left his young son, Louis Charles, as the titular King. The princes-in-exile proclaimed Louis Charles "King [[Louis XVII]]". The Count of Provence now unilaterally declared himself regent for his nephew, who was too young to be head of the House of Bourbon.{{sfn|Nagel|2008|page=136}}

Louis XVII, still a minor, died in prison in June 1795. His only surviving sibling was his sister [[Marie Thérèse of France|Marie-Thérèse]], who was not considered a candidate for the throne because of France's traditional adherence to [[Salic law]]. Thus on 16 June, the princes-in-exile declared the Count of Provence "King Louis XVIII". The new king accepted their declaration soon after{{sfn|Nagel|2008|pages=152-153}} and busied himself drafting a manifesto in response to Louis XVII's death. The manifesto, known as the "[[Declaration of Verona]]", was Louis XVIII's attempt to introduce the French people to his politics. The Declaration of Verona beckoned France back into the arms of the monarchy, "which for fourteen centuries was the glory of France".{{sfn|Mansel|1999|p=111}}

Louis XVIII negotiated the release of Marie-Thérèse from her Paris prison in 1795. He desperately wanted her to marry her first cousin, [[Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême]], the son of the Count of Artois. Louis XVIII deceived his niece by telling her that her parents' last wishes were for her to marry Louis-Antoine, and she duly agreed to Louis XVIII's wishes.{{sfn|Nagel|2008|page=165}}

Louis XVIII was forced to abandon Verona when [[Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars|Napoleon Bonaparte invaded]] the [[Republic of Venice]] in 1796.{{sfn|Nagel|2008|page=190}}

===1796–1807===
[[File:Pils Jelgava.jpg|thumb|upright=1.8|[[Jelgava Palace]], Louis XVIII's residence in 1798–1801; 1804–1807]]

Louis XVIII had been vying for the custody of his niece Marie-Thérèse since her release from the Temple Tower in December 1795. He succeeded when [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor]], agreed to relinquish his custody of her in 1796. She had been staying in [[Vienna]] with her [[Habsburg]] relatives since January 1796.{{sfn|Nagel|2008|page=190}} Louis XVIII moved to [[Blankenburg (Harz)|Blankenburg]] in the [[Duchy of Brunswick]] after his departure from Verona. He lived in a modest two-bedroom apartment over a shop.{{sfn|Nagel|2008|page=203}} Louis XVIII was forced to leave Blankenburg when King [[Frederick William II of Prussia]] died. In light of this, Marie-Thérèse decided to wait a while longer before reuniting with her uncle.{{sfn|Nagel|2008|page=201}}

In 1798, [[Paul I of Russia|Tsar Paul I]] of [[Empire of Russia|Russia]] offered Louis the use of [[Jelgava Palace]] in [[Courland]] (now Latvia). The Tsar also guaranteed Louis' safety and bestowed on him a generous pension,{{sfn|Nagel|2008|page=203}} though later discontinued payment.{{sfn|Nagel|2008|page=216}} Marie-Thérèse finally joined Louis XVIII at Jelgava in 1799.{{sfn|Nagel|2008|page=206}} In the winter of 1798–1799, Louis XVIII wrote a biography of [[Marie Antoinette]] titled {{lang|fr|Réflexions historiques sur Marie Antoinette}}. Moreover, being surrounded at Jelgava with many old courtiers, he attempted to recreate the court life of Versailles, re-establishing various of the former court ceremonies, including the {{lang|fr|lever}} and {{lang|fr|coucher}} (ceremonies that accompanied waking and bedding, respectively).{{sfn|Nagel|2008|page=213}}

On 9 June 1799, Marie-Thérèse married her cousin Louis-Antoine at the Jelgava Palace. Desperate to display to the world a united family, Louis XVIII ordered his wife [[Princess Marie Josephine Louise of Savoy|Queen Marie Joséphine]], who at the time was living  apart from her husband in [[Schleswig-Holstein]], to attend the wedding. Furthermore, she was to come without her long-time friend (and rumoured lover) [[Marguerite de Gourbillon]]. The Queen refused to leave her friend behind, creating an unpleasant situation that rivalled the wedding in notoriety.{{sfn|Nagel|2008|pages=210-211}} Louis XVIII knew that his nephew Louis-Antoine was not compatible with Marie-Thérèse. Despite this, he still pressed for the marriage, which proved to be quite unhappy and produced no children.{{sfn|Nagel|2008|page=208}}

In 1800, Louis XVIII attempted to strike up a correspondence with Napoleon Bonaparte (by then [[French Consulate|First Consul of France]]), urging him to restore the Bourbons to their throne, but the future emperor was impervious to this idea and continued to consolidate his own position as ruler of France.{{sfn|Mansel|1999|p=128}}

Louis XVIII encouraged his niece to write her memoirs, as he wished them to be used as Bourbon propaganda. In 1796 and 1803, Louis also used the diaries of Louis XVI's final attendants in the same way.{{sfn|Nagel|2008|page=213}} In January 1801, Tsar Paul told Louis XVIII that he could no longer live in Russia. The court at Jelgava was so low on funds that it had to auction some of its possessions to afford the journey out of Russia. Marie-Thérèse even sold a diamond necklace that the Emperor Paul had given her as a wedding gift.{{sfn|Nagel|2008|page=216}}

Marie-Thérèse persuaded [[Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|Queen Louise of Prussia]] to give her family refuge on Prussian territory. Though Louise consented, the Bourbons were forced to assume pseudonyms. With Louis XVIII using the title {{lang|fr|Comte d'Isle}}, named after his estate in [[Languedoc]] and at times spelt as Comte de Lille.<ref name="Dzieje moje własne">{{Cite book |last=Fiszerowa |first=Wirydianna |title=Dzieje moje własne |date=1998 |location=Warsaw}}</ref> After an arduous journey from Jelgava,{{sfn|Nagel|2008|pages=218-219}} he and his family took up residence in the years 1801–1804 at the [[Łazienki Palace]] in [[Warsaw]], which after the [[partitions of Poland]] became part of the province of [[South Prussia]]. According to [[Wirydianna Fiszerowa]], a contemporary living there at the time, the Prussian local authorities, wishing to honour the arrivals, had music played, but trying to give this a national and patriotic character, unwittingly chose [[La Marseillaise]], the hymn of the [[First French Republic|French Republic]] with unflattering allusions to both [[Louis XVI]] and Louis XVIII. They later apologised for their mistake.<ref name="Dzieje moje własne" />
[[File:Biały_Dom_w_Łazienkach_Królewskich_2023.jpg|thumb|[[White House, Warsaw|White House]] in the [[Łazienki Park]], summer residence of Louis XVIII in [[Warsaw]]]]
Initially, Louis resided in the Wasilewski’s House, located right next to the [[Castle Square, Warsaw|Castle Square]]. However, it soon proved to be too small. In this situation, [[Ludwika Maria Poniatowska|Ludwika Maria Zamoyska]], the sister of the Polish king [[Stanisław August Poniatowski]], offered Louis her nearby palace on the [[Krakowskie Przedmieście]] street.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-09 |title=Krakowskie Przedmieście 64 - Pałac Zamoyskich |url=https://www.warszawa1939.pl/obiekt/krakowskie-64-p |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Fundacja Warszawa 1939 |language=pl}}</ref> Right next to the palace was a {{Ill|Church of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Res Sacra Miser), Warsaw|lt=church and a monastery|pl|Kościół Niepokalanego Poczęcia Najświętszej Maryi Panny w Warszawie (Res Sacra Miser)}} of the [[Discalced Carmelites|Discalced Carmelite]] nuns, where, thanks to the foundation of Louis’s aunts, [[Sophie of France|Sophie]] and [[Louise of France|Louise]], sermons were held in French, which members of the court listened to daily.{{Sfn|Kraushar|1899|p=97-99}} During the winter, Louis lived in there, while in the summer, he was moving to the so-called [[White House, Warsaw|White House]], small villa-type building in the [[Łazienki Park]], which had been granted to him by the Prussian government.{{Sfn|Kraushar|1899|p=101}}

It was very soon after their arrival that Louis and Marie-Thérèse learned of the death of Tsar Paul I. Louis hoped that Paul's successor, [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]], would repudiate his father's banishment of the Bourbons, which he later did. Louis then intended to set off to the [[Kingdom of Naples]]. The Count of Artois asked Louis to send his son, Louis-Antoine, and daughter-in-law, Marie-Thérèse, to him in [[Edinburgh]], but the King did not do so at that time. Artois had an allowance from King [[George III]] of Great Britain and he sent some money to Louis, whose court-in-exile was not only being spied on by Napoleonic agents{{sfn|Nagel|2008|page=220}} but was also being forced to make significant economies, financed as it was mainly from interest owed by the Emperor Francis II on valuables his aunt, Marie Antoinette, had removed from France.{{sfn|Nagel|2008|page=222}}

In 1803, Napoleon tried to force Louis XVIII to renounce his right to the throne of France, but Louis refused.{{sfn|Nagel|2008|page=223}} In May the following year, 1804, Napoleon declared himself [[Emperor of the French]]. In July, Louis XVIII and his nephew departed for Sweden for a Bourbon family conference, where Louis XVIII, the Count of Artois, and the Duke of Angoulême issued a statement condemning Napoleon's move.{{sfn|Nagel|2008|pages=227-228}} When the King of Prussia decreed that Louis XVIII would have to leave Prussian territory, and hence Warsaw, Tsar Alexander I invited Louis XVIII to resume residence in Jelgava, which he did. However, having to live under less generous conditions than those enjoyed under Paul I, Louis XVIII decided to embark for England as soon as possible.{{sfn|Nagel|2008|pages=228-229}}

As time went on, Louis XVIII realised that France would never accept an attempt to return to the {{lang|fr|[[Ancien Régime]]}}. Accordingly, in 1805 he reformulated his public policies with a view to reclaiming his throne, issuing a declaration that was far more liberal than his earlier pronouncements. This repudiated his Declaration of Verona, promised to abolish conscription, retain the Napoleonic administrative and judicial system, reduce taxes, eliminate political prisons, and guarantee amnesty to everyone who did not oppose a Bourbon Restoration. The opinions expressed in the declaration were largely those of [[Antoine Louis François de Bésiade|Antoine de Bésiade, Count of Avaray]], Louis's closest advisor in exile.{{sfn|Mansel|1999|p=119}}

Louis XVIII was forced once again to leave Jelgava when Tsar Alexander informed him that his safety could not be guaranteed in continental Europe. In July 1807, Louis boarded a Swedish [[frigate]] bound for [[Stockholm]], bringing with him only the Duke of Angoulême. This stay in Sweden was short-lived since in November 1807 he disembarked at [[Great Yarmouth]], on the Eastern coast of England. He then took up residence in [[Gosfield Hall]] in Essex, leased to him by the [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Chandos|Marquess of Buckingham]].{{sfn|Nagel|2008|pages=233-234}}

===England, 1807–1814===
[[Image:Hartwell House, Bucks.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Hartwell House, Buckinghamshire]], Louis XVIII's court-in-exile from 1808 until the Restoration]]
In 1808, Louis brought his wife and queen, Marie Joséphine, to join him in England. His stay at [[Gosfield Hall]] did not last long; he soon moved to [[Hartwell House, Buckinghamshire|Hartwell House]] in Buckinghamshire, where over one hundred courtiers were housed.{{sfn|Nagel|2008|page=235}} The King paid £500 in rent each year to the owner of the estate, Sir George Lee. The Prince of Wales (the future [[George IV]]) was very charitable to the exiled Bourbons. As Prince Regent, he granted them permanent [[right of asylum]] and extremely generous allowances.{{sfn|Nagel|2008|page=243}}

The Count of Artois did not join the court-in-exile in Hartwell, preferring to continue his frivolous life in London. Louis's friend the Count of Avaray left Hartwell for [[Madeira]] in 1809, and died there in 1811. Louis replaced Avaray with the [[Pierre Louis Jean Casimir de Blacas|Comte de Blacas]] as his principal political advisor. Queen Marie Joséphine died on 13 November 1810.{{sfn|Nagel|2008|page=241}} That same winter, Louis had a particularly severe attack of [[gout]], which was a recurring problem for him at Hartwell, and he had to take to a wheelchair.{{sfn|Mansel|1999|p=147}}

In 1812, Napoleon I embarked on an [[French invasion of Russia|invasion of Russia]], initiating a war which would prove to be the turning point in his fortunes. The expedition failed miserably, and Napoleon was forced to retreat with an army in tatters.

In 1813, Louis XVIII issued another declaration from Hartwell. The Declaration of Hartwell was even more liberal than his Declaration of 1805, asserting that those who had served Napoleon or the Republic would not suffer repercussions for their acts, and that the original owners of the {{lang|fr|[[biens nationaux]]}} (lands confiscated from the nobility and clergy during the Revolution) would be compensated for their losses.{{sfn|Mansel|1999|p=162}}

Allied troops entered Paris on 31 March 1814.{{sfn|Price|2008|p=143}} Louis, unable to walk, had sent the Count of Artois to France in January 1814 and issued [[letters patent]] appointing Artois Lieutenant-General of the Kingdom in the event of his being restored as king. On 11 April, five days after the [[Sénat conservateur|French Senate]] had invited Louis to resume the throne of France, Napoleon I abdicated.<ref>{{Cite web |last=texte |first=France Auteur du |date=1 July 1814 |title=Bulletin des lois de la République française |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k4861135 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |via=gallica.bnf.fr}}</ref>