Editing Lisbon (section)

===Middle Ages===
Following the disintegration of the Western Roman Empire, there were [[barbarian]] invasions; between 409 and 429 the city was occupied successively by [[Sarmatian]]s, [[Alans]] and [[Vandals]]. The Germanic [[Suebi]], who established a kingdom in [[Gallaecia]] (modern [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] and northern Portugal), with its capital in ''[[Bracara Augusta]]'', also controlled the region of Lisbon until 585. In 585, the Suebi Kingdom was integrated into the Germanic [[Visigoths|Visigothic]] Kingdom of Toledo, which comprised all of the Iberian Peninsula: Lisbon was then called ''Ulishbona''.

[[File:Siege of Lisbon - Muslim surrender.jpg|thumb|King [[Afonso Henriques]] reconquered the city from the [[Almoravid dynasty|Almoravid Empire]] at the 1147 [[siege of Lisbon]].]]

On 6 August 711, Lisbon was taken by the [[Moors|Muslim]] forces of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]]. These conquerors built many mosques and houses, rebuilt the city wall (known as the ''Cerca Moura'') and established administrative control, while permitting the diverse population  of [[Muwallad]]s, [[Arabs]], [[Berbers]], [[Mozarabs]], ''[[Saqaliba]]'', and [[Jews]] to maintain their socio-cultural lifestyles. [[Andalusi Romance|Mozarabic]] was the native language spoken by most of the Christian population although Arabic was widely known as spoken by all religious communities. Islam was the official religion practised by the Arabs, Berbers, Saqaliba and Muwallad.

The ancient Muslim influence is still visible in the [[Alfama]] district, an old quarter of Lisbon that survived the [[1755 Lisbon earthquake]]: many place-names are derived from Arabic and the Alfama (the oldest existing district of Lisbon) was derived from the Arabic "''al-hamma''{{-"}}.

For a brief time, Lisbon was an independent Muslim kingdom known as the [[Taifa of Lisbon]] (1022–1094), before being conquered by the larger [[Taifa of Badajoz]].

In 1108 Lisbon was raided and occupied by [[Norway|Norwegian]] crusaders led by [[Sigurd I of Norway|Sigurd I]] on their way to the [[Holy Land]] as part of the [[Norwegian Crusade]] and occupied by crusader forces for three years.<ref>Pires, Helio. "Sigurđr's Attack on Lisbon: Where Exactly?" In ''Viking and Medieval Scandinavia'' 8 (2012) – Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, c=2012, pp. 199–205.</ref> It was taken by the Moorish [[Almoravids]] in 1111.
[[File:Siege of Lisbon 1384.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Siege of Lisbon (1384)|1384 siege of Lisbon]] in [[Froissart's Chronicles]]]]

In 1147, as part of [[Portugal in the Reconquista|Portuguese efforts during the so-called ''Reconquista'']], [[Afonso I of Portugal]] [[Siege of Lisbon|besieged and conquered Lisbon]] with the aid of crusader knights. The city, with around 154,000 residents at the time, was returned to Christian rule. The conquest of Portugal and re-establishment of [[Christianity]] is one of the most significant events in Lisbon's history, described in the chronicle ''[[Expugnatione Lyxbonensi]]'', which describes, among other incidents, how the local bishop was killed by the crusaders and the city's residents prayed to the [[Virgin Mary]] as it happened. Some of the Muslim residents converted to Roman Catholicism and most of those who did not convert fled to other parts of the Islamic world, primarily [[Muslim Spain]] and [[North Africa]]. All mosques were either destroyed or altered and converted into churches. As a result of the end of Muslim rule in the mid-12th century, spoken Arabic quickly lost its place in Lisbon, and disappeared altogether.

With its central location, Lisbon became the capital city of the new Portuguese territory in 1255.
The first Portuguese university was founded in Lisbon in 1290 by King [[Dinis I of Portugal|Denis I]]; for many years the ''[[Studium Generale]]'' (''General Study'') was transferred intermittently to [[Coimbra]], where it was installed permanently in the 16th century as the [[University of Coimbra]].

In 1384, the city was besieged by King [[Juan I of Castille]], as a part of the ongoing [[1383–1385 Crisis]]. The result of the siege was a victory for the Portuguese led by [[Nuno Álvares Pereira]].

During the last centuries of the Middle Ages, Lisbon expanded substantially and became an important trading post with both [[Northern Europe]]an and Mediterranean cities.