Editing Liliales (section)

=== History ===

==== Origins ====

The [[botanical authority]] for Liliales is given to [[Perleb]] (1826), who grouped eleven families ([[Asparageae]], [[Pontederiaceae]], [[Asphodeleae]], [[Coronariae]],{{efn|Coronariae used ''[[sensu]]'' [[Carl Adolph Agardh|Agardh]] (1825),{{sfn|Agardh|1825}} that is corresponding to Linnaeus' Liliaceae}} [[Colchicaceae]], [[Dioscoreaceae]], [[Hypoxideae]], [[Amaryllideae]], [[Haemodoraceae]], [[Burmanniaceae]], [[Irideae]]) into an order he called Liliaceae.{{sfn|Perleb|1826}} In Perleb's system, he divided the [[vascular plants]] into seven classes, of which the [[Phanerogams|Phanerogamicae]] or seed plants he called his class IV, or Ternariae. The latter, he divided into five orders (''ordo''), including the Liliaceae.{{sfn|Perleb|1826}}

A number of later [[taxonomist]]s, such as Endlicher (1836) substitituted the term Coronarieae for this higher order, including six subordinate taxa. Endlicher divided the [[Cormophyta]] into five sections, of which Amphibrya contained eleven classes, including Coronarieae.{{sfn|Endlicher|1836}} The term Liliales was introduced by [[John Lindley|Lindley]] (1853),{{sfn|Lindley|1853}} referring to these higher orders as [[Alliance (taxonomy)|alliances]]. Lindley included four families in this alliance. Lindley called the monocots class Endogenae, with eleven alliances including Liliales.{{sfn|Lindley|1853}} Although [[George Bentham|Bentham]] (1877) restored Coronariae as one of seven [[Series (botany)|Series]] making up the [[monocotyledons]],{{sfn|Bentham|Hooker|1883}} it was replaced by Liliiflorae and then Liliales in subsequent publications (''see [[#famtab|Table]] for history'').{{sfn|Singh|2010|loc=p.&nbsp;312''ff''.}}

==== Phyletic systems ====

Subsequent authors, now adopting a [[phylogenetic]] (phyletic) or [[evolutionary]] approach over the natural method,{{sfn|Stuessy|2009|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=b9Q2EOkw7toC&pg=PA43 p.&nbsp;43]}} did not follow Bentham's nomenclature. [[August W. Eichler|Eichler]] (1886) used Liliiflorae for the higher order including Liliaceae, placing it as the first order (''Reihe'') in his class monocotyledons,{{sfn|Eichler|1886|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XE0bAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA6 p.&nbsp;34]}} as did [[Adolf Engler|Engler]] (1903),{{sfn|Engler|1903|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/63778#page/127/mode/1up p.&nbsp;93]}} [[Lotsy]] (1911),{{sfn|Lotsy|1911}} and [[Richard Wettstein|Wettstein]] in 1924, in class Monocotyledones, subdivision Angiospermae.{{sfn|Wettstein|1924}}

[[John Hutchinson (botanist)|Hutchinson]] (1973){{sfn|Hutchinson|1973}} restored Liliales for the higher rank, an approach that has been adopted by most major classification systems onwards, reserving Liliiflorae for higher ranks. These include [[Arthur Cronquist|Cronquist]] (1981),{{sfn|Cronquist|1981}} [[Rolf Dahlgren|Dahlgren]] (1985),{{sfn|Dahlgren et al|1985}} [[Takhtajan]] (1997){{sfn|Takhtajan|1997}} as well as [[Robert Folger Thorne|Thorne]] and [[James Reveal|Reveal]] (2007).{{sfn|Thorne|Reveal|2007}}

[[Hutchinson system|Hutchinson]] (1973) derived a more elaborate hierarchy, placing order Liliales as one of 14 in division Corolliferae, one of three divisions of [[subphylum]] monocotyledons. [[Cronquist system|Cronquist]] (1981) placed the order Liliales as one of two in subclass [[Liliidae]], one of five in the class [[Liliopsida]] (monocotyledons) of division [[Magnoliophyta]] (angiosperms). [[Dahlgren system|Dahlgren]] (1985) made Liliales one of six orders in Superorder Liliiflorae, one of ten divisions of the monocots. [[Takhtajan system|Takhtajan]] (1997) had a more complex system of higher taxonomic ranks, placing Liliales as one of 15 orders within [[superorder]] [[Lilianae]], one of four within subclass [[Liliidae]]. Liliidae in turn was one of four subclasses in class [[Liliopsida]] (monocots).{{sfn|Reveal|1997}} In contrast [[Thorne system|Thorne and Reveal]] (2007) abandoned the use of monocotyledons as a distinct taxon, replacing it with 3 separate subclasses of Magnoliopsida (angiosperms), of which [[Liliidae]] consists of 3 superorders, placing Liliales in superorder [[Lilianae]].{{sfn|Thorne|Reveal|2007}}

In all these systems, Liliales (or Liliiflorae) were visualised as either a direct division of the monocots (or equivalent) or were placed in an intermediate division of the monocots, such as superorder Lilianae.{{sfn|Singh|2019|loc=pp.&nbsp;239–273}}

==== Molecular phylogenetic systems ====

The development of [[molecular phylogenetic]] methods for determining [[taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] and [[phylogeny]] led to considerable revision of angiosperm classification,{{sfn|Chase et al|2000}} and establishment of Liliales as a [[monophyletic]] group.{{sfn|Fay et al|2005}}{{sfn|Petersen et al|2013}}{{sfn|Rudall et al|2000}} It was clear by 1996, that the most useful system to date, that of Dahlgren, required urgent revision.{{sfn|Chase et al|2000}} The new classification was formalised with the creation of the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] (APG) system (1998–2016),{{sfn|APG I|1998}}{{sfn|APG IV|2016}} based on [[monophyletic]] [[clades]], which continued the use of Liliales as the name for the taxon.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zomlefer |first1=Wendy B. |last2=Whitten |first2=W. Mark |last3=Williams |first3=Norris H. |last4=Judd |first4=Walter S. |date=2006 |title=Infrageneric Phylogeny of Schoenocaulon (Liliales: Melanthiaceae) with Clarification of Cryptic Species Based on Its Sequence Data and Geographical Distribution |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4122805 |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=93 |issue=8 |pages=1178–1192 |doi=10.3732/ajb.93.8.1178 |jstor=4122805 |pmid=21642183 |issn=0002-9122}}</ref>

The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group [[APG system]] (1998) established a structure of monocot classification with ten orders.{{sfn|APG I|1998}} Notable was the separation of asparagids, as suggested by Dahlgren,{{sfn|Kubitzki|Rudall|Chase|1998}} into [[Asparagales]], with other taxa placed in [[Dioscoreales]], resulting in a much reduced order.{{sfn|Traub|Kress|2016}}{{sfn|Rudall et al|2000}}