Editing Leonard Bernstein (section)

=== 1940s: Rise to prominence ===
Soon after he left Curtis, Bernstein moved to New York City where he lived in various apartments in [[Manhattan]]. Bernstein supported himself by coaching singers, teaching piano,<ref name=Witemeyer>{{cite web |last1=Witemeyer |first1=Barbara |title=Dentist to the Stars (comment, row 5, box 3) |url=https://leonardbernstein.com/memories?page=5 |website=Leonard Bernstein: Memories |publisher=Leonard Bernstein Office |access-date=January 30, 2022}}</ref> and playing the piano for dance classes in [[Carnegie Hall]]. He found work with Harms-Witmark, transcribing jazz and pop music and publishing his work under the pseudonym "Lenny Amber". (''Bernstein'' means "[[amber]]" in German.){{sfn|Burton|1995|page=108}}

Bernstein briefly shared an apartment in [[Greenwich Village]] with his friend [[Adolph Green]]. Green was then part of a satirical music troupe called The Revuers, featuring [[Betty Comden]] and [[Judy Holliday]]. With Bernstein sometimes providing piano accompaniment, The Revuers often performed at the legendary jazz club the [[Village Vanguard]].<ref>Sargeant, Winthrop.[https://books.google.com/books?id=6E4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA107 "Judy Holliday"]''Life Magazine'', April 2, 1951.</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=The Revuers |title=Night Life in New York (78rpm 12-in Set Musicraft Records #N-2) |year=1940 |url=https://www.popsike.com/NIGHT-LIFE-IN-NEW-YORK-78rpm-12inch-Set-Musicraft-Records-N2-The-Revuers/303491257382.html |website=Popsike.com |access-date=January 30, 2022}}</ref> On April 21, 1942, Bernstein performed the premiere of his first published work, [[Sonata for Clarinet and Piano (Bernstein)|''Sonata for Clarinet and Piano'']], with clarinetist David Glazer at the [[Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston|Institute of Modern Art]] in Boston.
{{Gallery
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|File:Leonard Bernstein and Benny Goodman in rehearsal.jpg
 |Leonard Bernstein and [[Benny Goodman]] in rehearsal, ca. 1940–1949
|File:Bernstein, Leonard (1918-1990) - 1944 - foto van Vechten2.jpg
 |Photo of Bernstein by [[Carl Van Vechten]] (1944)
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[[File:1943 Nov 14 NYPhil Bernstein.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Carnegie Hall playbill, November 14, 1943<br />Radio announcement:[[File:1943 Nov 14 NYPhil Bernstein.ogg|170px]]]]

====New York Philharmonic conducting debut====
Bernstein would later make his New York Philharmonic conducting debut. On November 14, 1943, having recently been appointed assistant conductor to [[Artur Rodziński]] of the New York Philharmonic, Bernstein made his major conducting debut at short notice—and without any rehearsal—after guest conductor [[Bruno Walter]] came down with the flu.<ref name=debut>[http://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/artifact/71509682-511b-4ba3-8df5-e6f37af19d3d Program and recording] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917065039/http://archives.nyphil.org/index.php/artifact/71509682-511b-4ba3-8df5-e6f37af19d3d |date=September 17, 2016}} (except Wagner's Prelude to ''Die Meistersinger''), New York Philharmonic Digital Archives.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodríguez |first=Pablo L. |date=December 8, 2023 |title=Seeing and hearing Leonard Bernstein at the premiere of the film 'Maestro' |url=https://english.elpais.com/culture/2023-12-07/seeing-and-hearing-leonard-bernstein-at-the-premiere-of-the-film-maestro.html |access-date=June 20, 2024 |website=EL PAÍS English |language=en-us}}</ref> The challenging program included works by [[Robert Schumann]], [[Miklós Rózsa]], [[Richard Wagner]], and [[Richard Strauss]].<ref name=debut /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Seldes |first=Barry |year=2011 |title=Debut performance with the New York Philharmonic – Leonard Bernstein (November 14, 1943) |url=https://www.loc.gov/static/programs/national-recording-preservation-board/documents/BernsteinDebutPerformance.pdf|website=Library of Congress|access-date=January 30, 2024}}</ref>

The next day, ''[[The New York Times]]'' carried the story on its front page and remarked in an editorial, "It's a good American success story. The warm, friendly triumph of it filled [[Carnegie Hall]] and spread far over the air waves."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1943/11/16/85134894.html?pageNumber=22|title=A Story Old and Ever New|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|page=22|date=November 16, 1943|access-date=July 18, 2023}} ([https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1943/11/16/85134894.pdf article])</ref> Many newspapers throughout the country carried the story, which, in combination with the concert's live national [[CBS Radio]] Network broadcast, propelled Bernstein to instant fame.<ref>{{Cite web|title=75 Years Ago Today: Bernstein's Famed Philharmonic Debut|url=http://nyphil.org/whats-new/2018/november/bernstein-debut-75-years-ago|access-date=February 17, 2021|website=nyphil.org}}</ref> Over the next two years, Bernstein made conducting debuts with ten different orchestras in the United States and Canada, greatly broadening his repertoire and initiating a lifelong frequent practice of conducting concertos from the piano.{{sfn|Burton|1995|page=142}}

On January 28, 1944, Bernstein conducted the premiere of his [[Symphony No. 1 (Bernstein)|Symphony No. 1: ''Jeremiah'']] with the [[Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra]] and soloist [[Jennie Tourel]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Symphony No. 1: Jeremiah (1942) |url=https://leonardbernstein.com/works/view/4/symphony-no-1-jeremiah |website=Leonard Bernstein Office |access-date=May 16, 2024}}</ref> In the fall of 1943, Bernstein and [[Jerome Robbins]] began work on their first collaboration, ''[[Fancy Free (ballet)|Fancy Free]]'', a ballet about three young sailors on leave in wartime New York City. ''Fancy Free'' premiered on April 18, 1944, with the [[American Ballet Theatre|Ballet Theatre (now the American Ballet Theatre)]] at the old [[Metropolitan Opera House (39th Street)|Metropolitan Opera House]], with scenery by [[Oliver Smith (designer)|Oliver Smith]] and costumes by [[Kermit Love]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fancy Free|url=https://www.nycballet.com/discover/ballet-repertory/fancy-free/|publisher=[[New York City Ballet]]}}</ref>

Bernstein and Robbins decided to expand the ballet into a musical and invited Comden and Green to write the book and lyrics. ''[[On the Town (musical)|On the Town]]'' opened on Broadway's [[Adelphi Theatre]] on December 28, 1944. The show resonated with audiences during [[World War II]], and it broke race barriers on Broadway: Japanese-American dancer [[Sono Osato]] in a leading role; a multiracial cast dancing as mixed race couples; and a Black concertmaster, [[Everett Lee]], who eventually took over as music director of the show.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Oja|first=Carol J.|author-link=Carol J. Oja|title=Bernstein Meets Broadway: Collaborative Art in a Time of War|date=2014|isbn=978-0-19-986209-2|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|oclc=862780844}}</ref> ''On the Town'' became [[On the Town (film)|an MGM motion picture in 1949]], starring [[Gene Kelly]], [[Frank Sinatra]], and [[Jules Munshin]] as the three sailors. Only part of Bernstein's score was used in the film and additional songs were provided by [[Roger Edens]].<ref>{{IMDb title|tt0041716|On the Town|(1949)}}</ref>

[[File:Leonard Bernstein NYWTS 1945.jpg|thumb|upright|Bernstein conducting the New York City Symphony (1945)]]
From 1945 to 1947, Bernstein was the music director of the New York City Symphony, which had been founded the previous year by the conductor [[Leopold Stokowski]]. The orchestra (with support from Mayor Fiorello La Guardia) had modern programs and affordable tickets.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Leonard Bernstein Conducts the New York City Symphony at City Center {{!}} WNYC {{!}} New York Public Radio, Podcasts, Live Streaming Radio, News|url=https://www.wnyc.org/story/leonard-bernstein-conducts-new-york-city-symphony-city-center/|access-date=February 17, 2021|publisher=[[WNYC]]}}</ref> In 1946, Bernstein made his overseas debut with the [[Czech Philharmonic]] at the inaugural [[Prague Spring International Music Festival]].<ref name=bernstein-office-timeline>{{cite web |title=Timeline |url=https://www.leonardbernstein.com/about/timeline |website=Leonard Bernstein Office |access-date=May 16, 2024}}</ref> He also recorded Ravel's [[Piano Concerto in G major (Ravel)|Piano Concerto in G major]] as soloist and conductor with the [[Philharmonia Orchestra]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Anderson |first1=Colin |title=Our history |url=https://philharmonia.co.uk/who-we-are/our-history/ |website=Philharmonia |access-date=May 16, 2024 |year=2015}}</ref> On July 4, 1946, Bernstein conducted the European premiere of ''Fancy Free'' with the Ballet Theatre at the [[Royal Opera House]] in London.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Webmaster |date=July 12, 2016 |title=Leonard Bernstein (1918-1990) |url=https://mahlerfoundation.org/mahler/contemporaries/leonard-bernstein/ |access-date=June 20, 2024 |website=Mahler Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> On August 6 he conducted opera professionally for the first time, with the American premiere of [[Benjamin Britten]]'s ''[[Peter Grimes]]'' at Tanglewood, commissioned by Koussevitzky.<ref>{{cite web |title=An opera debut for Britten and Bernstein |url=https://www.yourclassical.org/episode/2022/08/06/an-opera-debut-for-britten-and-bernstein |website=Your Classical |access-date=May 16, 2024 |language=en |date=August 6, 2022}}</ref> That same year, [[Arturo Toscanini]] invited Bernstein to guest conduct two concerts with the [[NBC Symphony Orchestra]], one of which featured Bernstein as soloist in Ravel's Piano Concerto in G major.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wBD_ujAW520C&pg=PA85|title=Arturo Toscanini: the NBC years|publisher=Amadeus Press|year=2002|isbn=978-1-57467-069-1}}</ref>{{page needed|date=May 2024}}

====Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, television debut and Tanglewood====

In 1947, Bernstein conducted in [[Tel Aviv]] for the first time, beginning a lifelong association with the [[Israel Philharmonic Orchestra]], then known as the Palestine Symphony Orchestra. The next year, he conducted an open-air concert for Israeli troops at [[Beersheba]] in the middle of the desert during the [[Arab–Israeli conflict|Arab-Israeli war]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gould |first1=Susan |title=Beersheba (1948) |url=https://www.leonardbernstein.com/about/conductor/historic-concerts/beersheba-1948 |website=Leonard Bernstein Office |access-date=May 16, 2024}}</ref> In 1957, he conducted the inaugural concert of the [[Mann Auditorium]] in Tel Aviv.<ref name=bernstein-office-timeline/> In 1967, he conducted a concert on [[Mount Scopus]] to commemorate the [[Reunification of Jerusalem]], featuring Mahler's [[Symphony No. 2 (Mahler)|Symphony No. 2]] and Mendelssohn's [[Violin Concerto (Mendelssohn)|Violin Concerto]] with soloist [[Isaac Stern]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gould |first1=Susan |title=Mt. Scopus (1967) |url=https://leonardbernstein.com/about/conductor/historic-concerts/mt-scopus-concert-1967 |website=Leonard Bernstein Office |access-date=May 16, 2024}}</ref> The city of Tel Aviv added his name to the [[Habima Square]] (Orchestra Plaza) in the center of the city.<ref>{{Cite web |last=rachelsamoul |date=July 18, 2016 |title=KiKar HaBima, l'acropole de Tel Aviv |url=http://kefisrael.com/2016/07/18/la-place-habima/ |access-date=June 20, 2024 |website=Kef Israël |language=fr-FR}}</ref> On December 10, 1949, Bernstein made his first television appearance as conductor with the [[Boston Symphony Orchestra]] at [[Carnegie Hall]]. The concert, which included an address by [[Eleanor Roosevelt]], celebrated the first anniversary of the [[United Nations General Assembly]]'s ratification of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], and included the premiere of [[Aaron Copland]]'s ''Preamble for a Solemn Occasion'' with [[Sir Laurence Olivier]] narrating text from the [[UN Charter]]. The concert was televised by [[NBC Television Network]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The World Reimagined – Americans and Human Rights in the Twentieth Century |last=Bradley |first=Mark Philip |isbn=978-0-521-82975-5 |location=New York|publisher=Cambridge University Press|oclc=946031535 |page=13 |date=September 12, 2016}}</ref> In April 1949, Bernstein performed as piano soloist in the world premiere of his [[Symphony No. 2 (Bernstein)|Symphony No. 2: The Age of Anxiety]] with Koussevitzy conducting the Boston Symphony Orchestra. On December 2, 1949, Bernstein conducted the world premiere of the Messiaen's ''[[Turangalîla-Symphonie]]'', with the Boston Symphony Orchestra and the New York premiere in Carnegie Hall on the afternoon of December 10.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper = The New York Times | access-date = April 12, 2024 | date = December 11, 1949 |title=Bernstein Leads Messiaen's work | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1949/12/11/85658829.html| first = Olin | last = Downes |author-link = Olin Downes}}</ref> Part of the rehearsal for the concert was recorded and released by the orchestra. When Koussevitzky died in 1951, Bernstein became head of the orchestra and conducting departments at [[Tanglewood Music Festival|Tanglewood]].