Editing Leif Erikson (section)

=== Archeological evidence of Vinland ===
[[File:Authentic Viking recreation.jpg|thumb|265px|Modern recreation of the Norse site at [[L'Anse aux Meadows]]. The site was originally occupied c. 1021<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Handwerk |first1=Brian |title=New Dating Method Shows Vikings Occupied Newfoundland in 1021 C.E. |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/new-dating-method-shows-vikings-occupied-newfoundland-in-1021-ce-180978903/ |access-date=10 April 2022 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407134244/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/new-dating-method-shows-vikings-occupied-newfoundland-in-1021-ce-180978903/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and listed by [[UNESCO]] as a World Heritage Site in 1968]]
Most researchers and scholars agree that Vinland was a region in North America.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassidy |first=Cody |title=Who Ate the First Oyster?: The Extraordinary People Behind the Greatest Firsts in History |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-14-313275-2 |location=New York |pages=84 |author-link=Cody Cassidy}}</ref>

Research done in the early 1960s by Norwegian explorer [[Helge Ingstad]] and his wife, archaeologist [[Anne Stine Ingstad]], identified a Norse site<ref>{{cite web|title=L'Anse aux Meadows|work=L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site of Canada|publisher=Parks Canada|year=2018|url=https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/lhn-nhs/nl/meadows|access-date=21 December 2018|quote=Here [L'Anse aux Meadows] Norse expeditions sailed from Greenland, building a small encampment of timber-and-sod buildings ...|archive-date=9 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209172532/https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/lhn-nhs/nl/meadows|url-status=live}}</ref> located at the northern tip of Newfoundland. It has been suggested that this site, known as [[L'Anse aux Meadows]] (carbon dating estimates 990–1050 CE<ref name="Nydal1989">{{cite journal | last1 = Nydal | first1 = Reidar | title = A Critical Review of Radiocarbon Dating of a Norse Settlement at L'Anse Aux Meadows, Newfoundland Canada | journal = [[Radiocarbon (journal)|Radiocarbon]] | date = 1989 | volume = 31 | issue = 3 | pages = 976–985 | issn = 0033-8222 | eissn = 1945-5755 | doi = 10.1017/S0033822200012613 | bibcode = 1989Radcb..31..976N | doi-access = free | url = https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/652904 | quote = With an assumed total systematic error of 30 ± 20 years, as a mean for various tree rings, the calibrated age range of L'Anse aux Meadows is AD 975–1020. This agrees well with the assumed historical age of ca AD 1000, a result which has also been recently corroborated by high-precision accelerator dating at the University of Toronto. | access-date = 2 December 2021 | archive-date = 22 November 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211122050650/https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/652904 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="CordellLightfoot2008">{{cite encyclopedia |first1=Linda S. |last1=Cordell |author1-link=Linda S. Cordell |first2=Kent |last2=Lightfoot |first3=Francis |last3=McManamon |first4=George |last4=Milner |title=L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site |encyclopedia=Archaeology in America: An Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=arfWRW5OFVgC&pg=PA82 |date=2009 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-02189-3 |page=82 |quote=This is a substantial base for analysis, which yields an entirely credible range of dates between 990 and 1050 and a mean date of 1014 CE, which is popularly rounded off at 1000 CE . |access-date=24 February 2021 |archive-date=30 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230134928/https://books.google.com/books?id=arfWRW5OFVgC&pg=PA82 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="LedgerGirdland-FlinkForbes2019">{{cite journal | last1 = Ledger | first1 = Paul M. | last2 = Girdland-Flink | first2 = Linus | last3 = Forbes | first3 = Véronique | title = New horizons at L'Anse aux Meadows | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | date = 15 July 2019 | volume = 116 | issue = 31 | pages = 15341–15343 | issn = 0027-8424 | eissn = 1091-6490 | doi = 10.1073/PNAS.1907986116 | pmid = 31308231 | pmc = 6681721 | bibcode = 2019PNAS..11615341L | quote =  Modeling results were remarkably consistent, and model A suggests Norse occupation began Cal AD 910–1030..... A weighted mean of twig dates—notwithstanding issues associated with combination of 14C ages from multiple individuals—provided a result of AD 986–1022}}</ref> and [[Dendrochronology|tree-ring analysis]]  dating to the year 1021<ref name="KuitemsEtAl">{{Cite journal|last1=Kuitems|first1=Margot|last2=Wallace|first2=Birgitta L.|last3=Lindsay|first3=Charles|last4=Scifo|first4=Andrea|last5=Doeve|first5=Petra|last6=Jenkins|first6=Kevin|last7=Lindauer|first7=Susanne|last8=Erdil|first8=Pınar|last9=Ledger|first9=Paul M.|last10=Forbes|first10=Véronique|last11=Vermeeren|first11=Caroline|date=20 October 2021|title=Evidence for European presence in the Americas in AD 1021|journal=Nature|volume=601 |issue=7893 |language=en|pages=388–391|doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03972-8|pmid=34671168|pmc=8770119 |s2cid=239051036|issn=1476-4687|quote=Our result of AD 1021 for the cutting year constitutes the only secure calendar date for the presence of Europeans across the Atlantic before the voyages of Columbus. Moreover, the fact that our results, on three different trees, converge on the same year is notable and unexpected. This coincidence strongly suggests Norse activity at L'Anse aux Meadows in AD 1021.  In addition, our research demonstrates the potential of the AD 993 anomaly in atmospheric 14C concentrations for pinpointing the ages of past migrations and cultural interactions. }}</ref>) could be Leifsbudir. The Ingstads demonstrated that Norsemen had reached North America about 500 years before [[Christopher Columbus]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1328355/Helge-Ingstad.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1328355/Helge-Ingstad.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|title=Helge Ingstad|date=30 March 2001|access-date=20 November 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="s207">Short, 2010, p. 207.</ref> Later archaeological evidence suggests that Vinland may have been the areas around the [[Gulf of St. Lawrence]] and that the L'Anse aux Meadows site was a ship repair station and waypoint for voyages there. That does not necessarily contradict the identification of L'Anse aux Meadows as Leifsbudir<ref name="s207"/><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.mnh.si.edu/vikings/voyage/subset/vinland/archeo.html|title=Vinland Archeology|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|work=[[National Museum of Natural History]]|access-date=21 November 2011|archive-date=9 December 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031209093906/http://www.mnh.si.edu/vikings/voyage/subset/vinland/archeo.html|url-status=live}}</ref> since the two sagas appear to describe Vinland as a wider region which included several settlements. The ''Saga of Erik the Red'' mentions two other settlements in Vinland: one called [[Straumfjörð|Straumfjǫrðr]], which lay beyond Kjalarnes promontory and the [[Wonderstrands]], and one called Hóp, which was located even farther south.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mnh.si.edu/vikings/voyage/subset/vinland/sagas.html|title=Vinland Sagas|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|work=[[National Museum of Natural History]]|access-date=21 November 2011|archive-date=23 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223074433/http://www.mnh.si.edu/vikings/voyage/subset/vinland/sagas.html|url-status=live}}</ref>