Editing Lebanon (section)

=== Ottoman rule ===
{{see also|Mount Lebanon Emirate|Sidon Eyalet|Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate}}[[File:DeirAlQamar-FakhredinePalace.jpg|thumb|[[Fakhreddine II Palace]], 17th century|left]]

In 1516, Lebanon became part of the [[Ottoman Empire]], with governance administered indirectly through local [[emir]]s.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last1=Najem |first1=Tom |title=Historical Dictionary of Lebanon |last2=Amore |first2=Roy C. |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-5381-2043-9 |edition=2nd |series= |location=Lanham Boulder New York London |pages=xxi-xxxv, 2–9 |chapter=Chronology; Introduction}}</ref> Lebanon's area was organized into provinces: Northern and Southern Mount Lebanon, Tripoli, Baalbek and Beqaa Valley, and [[Jabal Amil]].

In 1590, Druze tribal leader [[Fakhr al-Din II]] succeeded [[Mount Lebanon Emirate#Qurqumaz (1544–1585)|Korkmaz]] in southern Mount Lebanon and quickly asserted his authority as the paramount emir of the Druze in the Shouf region. Eventually, he was appointed [[Sanjak-bey]], overseeing various Ottoman sub-provinces and tax collection. Expanding his influence extensively, he even constructed a fort in [[Palmyra Castle|Palmyra]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Gorton, T.J. |title=Renaissance Emir |date=25 April 2013 |publisher=Quartet Books |isbn=9780704372979 |pages=160–161}}</ref> However, this expansion raised concerns for Ottoman Sultan Murad IV, leading to a punitive expedition in 1633. Fakhr al-Din II was captured, imprisoned for two years, and subsequently executed in April 1635, along with one of his sons.<ref>{{cite book |author=Gorton, T.J. |title=Renaissance Emir |date=25 April 2013 |publisher=Quartet Books |isbn=9780704372979 |pages=195–210}}</ref> Surviving members of his family continued to govern a reduced area under closer Ottoman supervision until the late 17th century. On the death of the [[Ahmad Ma'n|last Maan emir]], various members of the Shihab clan ruled Mount Lebanon until 1830.

While the history of Druze-Christian relations in Lebanon has generally been marked by harmony and peaceful coexistence,<ref>{{cite book |last=Hazran |first=Yusri |title=The Druze Community and the Lebanese State: Between Confrontation and Reconciliation |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=9781317931737 |page=32 |quote=the Druze had been able to live in harmony with the Christian}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Artzi |first=Pinḥas |title=Confrontation and Coexistence |publisher=Bar-Ilan University Press |year=1984 |isbn=9789652260499 |page=166 |quote=.. Europeans who visited the area during this period related that the Druze "love the Christians more than the other believers," and that they "hate the Turks, the Muslims and the Arabs [Bedouin] with an intense hatred.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=CHURCHILL |title=The Druzes and the Maronites |publisher=Montserrat Abbey Library |year=1862 |page=25 |quote=..the Druzes and Christians lived together in the most perfect harmony and good-will..}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hobby |title=Near East/South Asia Report |publisher=Foreign Broadcast Information Service |year=1985 |page=53 |quote=the Druzes and the Christians in the Shuf Mountains in the past lived in complete harmony..}}</ref> there were occasional periods of tension, notably during the [[1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus|1860 Mount Lebanon civil war]], during which around 10,000 Christians were killed by the Druze.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+lb0026) |title=Lebanon |work=Library of Congress Country Studies |date=December 1987 |access-date=14 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731123851/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+lb0026%29 |archive-date=31 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Shortly afterwards, the [[Emirate of Mount Lebanon]], which lasted about 400 years, was replaced by the [[Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate]], as a result of a European-Ottoman treaty called the [[Règlement Organique (Mount Lebanon)|Règlement Organique]]. The ''Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate''<ref name="UCS">{{cite book | title=Beirut | publisher=University of California Press |author1=Fisk, Robert |author2=Debevoise, Malcolm |author3=Kassir, Samir | author-link=Robert Fisk | year=2010 | pages=94 | isbn=978-0-520-25668-2}}</ref><ref name="Sanasar">{{cite book | title=Cultural resources in Lebanon | publisher=Librarie du Liban | author=Salwa C. Nassar Foundation | year=1969 | location=Beirut | pages=74}}</ref><ref name="frg">{{cite book | title=Lebanon: war and politics in a fragmented society | publisher=Routledge | author=Winslow, Charles | year=1996 | pages=291 | isbn=978-0-415-14403-2}}</ref> (1861–1918, {{langx|ar|متصرفية جبل لبنان }}; {{langx|tr|Cebel-i Lübnan Mutasarrıflığı}}) was one of the [[Ottoman Empire]]'s subdivisions following the [[Tanzimat]] reform. After 1861 there existed an autonomous Mount Lebanon with a Christian [[mutasarrıf]], which had been created as a homeland for the [[Lebanese Maronite Christians|Maronites]] under European diplomatic pressure following the 1860 massacres. The [[Maronite]] [[Catholic]]s and the [[Druze]] founded modern Lebanon in the early eighteenth century, through the ruling and social system known as the "[[Christianity and Druze|Maronite-Druze dualism]]" in Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate.<ref name="Deeb 2013">{{cite book|title=Syria, Iran, and Hezbollah: The Unholy Alliance and Its War on Lebanon| first=Marius|last=Deeb|year= 2013| isbn= 9780817916664|publisher=Hoover Press|quote= the Maronites and the Druze, who founded Lebanon in the early eighteenth century.}}</ref>[[File:Carte du Liban d'apres les reconnaissances de la Brigade Topographique du Corps Expeditionnaire de Syrie en 1860-1861.jpg|thumb|1862 map drawn by the French expedition of [[Charles-Marie-Napoléon de Beaufort d'Hautpoul|Beaufort d'Hautpoul]],<ref name="Hakim2013">{{cite book|last=Hakim|first=Carol|title=The Origins of the Lebanese National Idea, 1840–1920|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W3asKDHYERwC&pg=PA287|access-date=2 April 2013|year=2013|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-27341-2|page=287|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621114243/http://books.google.com/books?id=W3asKDHYERwC&pg=PA287|archive-date=21 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> later used as a template for the 1920 borders of [[Greater Lebanon]]<ref name="Firro2003">{{cite book|author=Firro, Kais|title=Inventing Lebanon: Nationalism and the State Under the Mandate|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zRwOcE9wJAQC&pg=PA18|access-date=2 April 2013|date=8 February 2003|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-86064-857-1|page=18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621074704/http://books.google.com/books?id=zRwOcE9wJAQC&pg=PA18|archive-date=21 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Rooke">{{cite book|author=Tetz Rooke|chapter=Writing the Boundary: "Khitat al-Shăm" by Muhammad Kurd ʹAli|editor=Hiroyuki|title=Concept Of Territory In Islamic Thought|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ykTYAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA178|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-18453-6|page=178|quote=His [([[Thongchai Winichakul]]'s)] study shows that the modern map in some cases predicted the nation instead of just recording it; rather than describing existing borders it created the reality it was assumed to depict. The power of the map over the mind was great:"[H]ow could a nation resist being found if a nineteenth-century map had predicted it?" In the Middle East, Lebanon seems to offer a corresponding example. When the idea of a Greater Lebanon in 1908 was put forward in a book by Bulus Nujaym, a Lebanese Maronite writing under the pseudonym of M. Jouplain, he suggested that the natural boundaries of Lebanon were exactly the same as drawn in the 1861 and 1863 staff maps of the French military expedition to Syria, maps that added territories on the northern, eastern and southern borders, plus the city of Beirut, to the Mutasarrifiyya of Mount Lebanon. In this case, too, the prior existence of a European military map seems to have created a fact on the ground.}}</ref>|295x295px|left]]

The Baalbek and Beqaa Valley and Jabal Amel was ruled intermittently by various Shia feudal families, especially the [[El Assaad Family|Al Ali Alsagheer]] in Jabal Amel that remained in power until 1865 when Ottomans took direct ruling of the region. [[Youssef Bey Karam]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ehdenfamilytree.org/getperson.php?personID=I1&tree=ehden|title=Youssef KARAM, I b. May 1823 Ehden, Zgharta, Lebanon d. 7 Apr 1889 Naples, Italy: Ehden Family Tree|website=www.ehdenfamilytree.org}}</ref> a Lebanese nationalist played an influential role in Lebanon's independence during this era.

Lebanon experienced profound devastation in the [[World War I|First World War]] when the [[Ottoman Army (1861–1922)|Ottoman army]] assumed direct control, disrupting supplies and confiscating animals, ultimately leading to a severe famine.<ref name=":8" /> During the war, approximately 100,000 people in Beirut and Mount Lebanon died due to starvation.<ref name=Ilah>{{cite web |author=Saadi, Abdul-Ilah |title=Dreaming of Greater Syria |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=12 February 2008 |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/focus/arabunity/2008/02/2008525183842614205.html |access-date=26 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110319/http://english.aljazeera.net/focus/arabunity/2008/02/2008525183842614205.html |archive-date=13 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>