Editing Leadership (section)

===Reemergence of trait theory===

New methods and measurements were developed after these influential reviews that would ultimately reestablish [[trait theory]] as a viable approach to the study of leadership. For example, improvements in researchers' use of the [[Round-robin test|round-robin research design methodology]] allowed researchers to see that individuals can and do emerge as leaders across a variety of situations and tasks.<ref name="Kenny, D.A. 1983">{{cite journal | last1 = Kenny | first1 = D.A. | last2 = Zaccaro | first2 = S.J. | year = 1983 | title = An estimate of variance due to traits in leadership | journal = Journal of Applied Psychology | volume = 68 | issue = 4| pages = 678–685 | doi=10.1037/0021-9010.68.4.678}}</ref> Additionally, during the 1980s statistical advances allowed researchers to conduct [[meta-analysis|meta-analyses]], in which they could quantitatively analyze and summarize the findings from a wide array of studies. This advent allowed trait theorists to create a comprehensive picture of previous leadership research rather than rely on the qualitative reviews of the past. Equipped with new methods, leadership researchers revealed the following:
* Individuals can and do emerge as leaders across a variety of situations and tasks.<ref name="Kenny, D.A. 1983"/>
* Significant relationships exist between leadership emergence and such individual traits as:
:*[[Intelligence]]<ref name="Lord, R.G. 1986">{{cite journal | last1 = Lord | first1 = R.G. | last2 = De Vader | first2 = C.L. | last3 = Alliger | first3 = G.M. | year = 1986 | title = A meta-analysis of the relation between personality traits and leader perceptions: An application of validity generalization procedures | journal = Journal of Applied Psychology | volume = 71 | issue = 3| pages = 402–410 | doi=10.1037/0021-9010.71.3.402}}</ref>
:*[[Adjustment (psychology)|Adjustment]]<ref name="Lord, R.G. 1986"/>
:*[[Extraversion]]<ref name="Lord, R.G. 1986"/>
:*[[Conscientiousness]]<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite journal | last1 = Arvey | first1 = R. D. | last2 = Rotundo | first2 = M. | last3 = Johnson | first3 = W. | last4 = Zhang | first4 = Z. | last5 = McGue | first5 = M. | year = 2006 | title = The determinants of leadership role occupancy: Genetic and personality factors | journal = The Leadership Quarterly | volume = 17 | pages = 1–20 | doi=10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.10.009| citeseerx = 10.1.1.333.3080 }}
|2={{cite journal | last1 = Tagger | first1 = S. | last2 = Hackett | first2 = R. | last3 = Saha | first3 = S. | year = 1999 | title = Leadership emergence in autonomous work teams: Antecedents and outcomes | journal = [[Personnel Psychology]] | volume = 52 | issue = 4| pages = 899–926 | doi = 10.1111/j.1744-6570.1999.tb00184.x | doi-access = free}} }}</ref><ref name="Judge, T.A. 2002">{{cite journal | last1 = Judge | first1 = T.A. | last2 = Bono | first2 = J.E. | last3 = Ilies | first3 = R. | last4 = Gerhardt | first4 = M. W. | year = 2002 | title = Personality and leadership: A qualitative and quantitative review | journal = Journal of Applied Psychology | volume = 87 | issue = 4| pages = 765–780 | doi=10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.765| pmid = 12184579 }}</ref>
:*[[Openness to experience]]<ref name="Judge, T.A. 2002"/><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kickul | first1 = J. | last2 = Neuman | first2 = G. | year = 2000 | title = Emergence leadership behaviors: The function of personality and cognitive ability in determining teamwork performance and KSAs | journal = Journal of Business and Psychology | volume = 15 | pages = 27–51 | doi = 10.1023/A:1007714801558 | s2cid = 141377956 }}</ref>
:*General [[self-efficacy]]<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Smith | first1 = J.A. | last2 = Foti | first2 = R.J. | year = 1998 | title = A pattern approach to the study of leader emergence | journal = The Leadership Quarterly | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 147–160 | doi=10.1016/s1048-9843(98)90002-9}}</ref><ref name="Foti, R.J. 2007"/>

While the trait theory of leadership has certainly regained popularity, its reemergence has not been accompanied by a corresponding increase in sophisticated conceptual frameworks.<ref name="Zaccaro, S. J. 2007">{{cite journal | last1 = Zaccaro | first1 = S. J. | year = 2007 | title = Trait-based perspectives of leadership | journal = American Psychologist | volume = 62 | issue = 1| pages = 6–16 | doi=10.1037/0003-066x.62.1.6| pmid = 17209675 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.475.9808 | s2cid = 2762932 }}</ref>

Specifically, [[Stephen Zaccaro]] noted that trait theories still:<ref name="Zaccaro, S. J. 2007"/>
* focus on a small set of individual attributes such as the "[[Big Five personality traits|Big Five]]" personality traits, to the neglect of cognitive abilities, motives, values, [[social skills]], expertise, and problem-solving skills
* fail to consider patterns or integrations of multiple attributes
* do not distinguish between the leadership attributes that are generally not malleable over time and those that are shaped by, and bound to, situational influences
* do not consider how stable leader attributes account for the behavioral diversity necessary for effective leadership