Editing Laissez-faire (section)

== Models ==
=== Capitalism ===
{{main|Capitalism}}
{{see also|Neoliberalism}}
A closely related name for ''laissez-faire'' capitalism is that of raw, pure, or unrestrained capitalism, which refers to capitalism free of any regulations,<ref name="capfree">{{cite book|last1=Nolan|first1=Peter|title=Capitalism and Freedom: The Contradictory Character of Globalisation|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-84331-282-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQdQDJzOkBMC&pg=PA3|access-date=9 February 2017|year=2008}}</ref> with low or minimal<ref>{{cite book|last1=Orchard|first1=Lionel|last2=Stretton|first2=Hugh|title=Public Goods, Public Enterprise, Public Choice: Theoretical Foundations of the Contemporary Attack on Government|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-349-23505-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rwW_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA230|access-date=9 February 2017|year=2016}}</ref> government and operating almost entirely on the [[profit motive]]. It shares a similar economic conception with [[anarcho-capitalism]].

Advocates of laissez-faire capitalism argue that it relies on a constitutionally limited government that unconditionally bans the initiation of force and coercion, including fraud. Therefore, free market economists such as Milton Friedman and [[Thomas Sowell]] argue that, under such a system, relationships between companies and workers are purely voluntary and mistreated workers will seek better treatment elsewhere. Thus, most companies will compete for workers on the basis of pay, benefits, and work-life balance just as they compete with one another in the marketplace on the basis of the relative cost and quality of their goods.<ref>{{Citation|title=Milton Friedman on Labor Unions – Free To Choose| date=22 February 2011 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tefm8wxCQdg |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/Tefm8wxCQdg| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=2021-04-29}}{{cbignore}}</ref>{{primary source inline|date=January 2022}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-06-11|title=Economics vs. 'Need', by Dr. Thomas Sowell|url=https://www.creators.com/read/thomas-sowell/06/13/economics-vs-need|access-date=2021-04-29|website=www.creators.com|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429210027/https://www.creators.com/read/thomas-sowell/06/13/economics-vs-need|url-status=live}}</ref>{{primary source inline|date=January 2022}}

So-called "raw" or "hyper-capitalism" is a major [[motif (narrative)|motif]] of [[cyberpunk]] in dystopian works such as ''[[Syndicate (series)|Syndicate]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Paris|first1=Jeffrey|title=Rethinking the End of Modernity|journal=Social Philosophy Today|date=1 July 2005|volume=21|pages=173–189|doi=10.5840/socphiltoday20052120}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kilgore|first1=Christopher D.|title=Bad Networks: From Virus to Cancer in Post-Cyberpunk Narrative|journal=Journal of Modern Literature|date=2017|volume=40|issue=2|pages=165–183|doi=10.2979/jmodelite.40.2.10|jstor=10.2979/jmodelite.40.2.10|s2cid=157670471}}</ref>

=== Socialism ===
{{main|Socialism}}
{{see also|Free-market anarchism|Market socialism|Socialist economics}}
Although ''laissez-faire'' has been commonly associated with [[capitalism]], there is a similar ''laissez-faire'' economic theory and system associated with socialism called left-wing ''laissez-faire'',<ref>Nick Manley. [http://c4ss.org/content/27009 "Brief Introduction To Left-Wing Laissez Faire Economic Theory: Part One"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818131348/http://c4ss.org/content/27009 |date=2021-08-18 }}.</ref><ref>Nick Maley. [https://c4ss.org/content/27062 "Brief Introduction To Left-Wing Laissez Faire Economic Theory: Part Two".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516192528/https://c4ss.org/content/27062 |date=2021-05-16 }}</ref> or [[free-market anarchism]], also known as [[Left-wing market anarchism|free-market anti-capitalism]] and [[Market socialism|free-market socialism]] to distinguish it from ''laissez-faire'' capitalism.<ref>Chartier, Gary; Johnson, Charles W. (2011). ''Markets Not Capitalism: Individualist Anarchism Against Bosses, Inequality, Corporate Power, and Structural Poverty''. Brooklyn, NY:Minor Compositions/Autonomedia</ref><ref>"It introduces an eye-opening approach to radical social thought, rooted equally in libertarian socialism and market anarchism." Chartier, Gary; Johnson, Charles W. (2011). ''Markets Not Capitalism: Individualist Anarchism Against Bosses, Inequality, Corporate Power, and Structural Poverty''. Brooklyn, NY: Minor Compositions/Autonomedia. p. back cover.</ref><ref>"But there has always been a market-oriented strand of libertarian socialism that emphasizes voluntary cooperation between producers. And markets, properly understood, have always been about cooperation. As a commenter at Reason magazine's Hit&Run blog, remarking on [[Jesse Walker]]'s link to the Kelly article, put it: "every trade is a cooperative act." In fact, it's a fairly common observation among market anarchists that genuinely free markets have the most legitimate claim to the label "socialism."" [http://c4ss.org/content/670 "Socialism: A Perfectly Good Word Rehabilitated"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310111716/https://c4ss.org/content/670 |date=2016-03-10 }} by [[Kevin Carson]] at website of Center for a Stateless Society.</ref> One first example of this is [[Mutualism (economic theory)|mutualism]] as developed by [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]] in the 18th century, from which emerged [[individualist anarchism]]. [[Benjamin Tucker]] is one eminent [[American individualist anarchist]] who adopted a ''laissez-faire'' system he termed [[anarchistic socialism]] in contraposition to [[state socialism]].<ref>Tucker, Benjamin. [http://fair-use.org/benjamin-tucker/instead-of-a-book/state-socialism-and-anarchism#art1p1 "State Socialism and Anarchism"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311065032/http://fair-use.org/benjamin-tucker/instead-of-a-book/state-socialism-and-anarchism#art1p1 |date=2019-03-11 }}.</ref><ref>Brown, Susan Love. 1997. "The Free Market as Salvation from Government". In ''Meanings of the Market: The Free Market in Western Culture''. Berg Publishers. p. 107.</ref> This tradition has been recently associated with contemporary scholars such as [[Kevin Carson]],<ref>Carson, Kevin A. (2008). ''Organization Theory: A Libertarian Perspective''. Charleston, SC:BookSurge.</ref><ref>Carson, Kevin A. (2010). ''The Homebrew Industrial Revolution: A Low-Overhead Manifesto''. Charleston, SC: BookSurge.</ref> Roderick T. Long,<ref>Long, Roderick T. (2000). ''Reason and Value: Aristotle versus Rand''. Washington, DC:Objectivist Center</ref><ref>Long, Roderick T. (2008). "[http://en.liberalis.pl/2008/01/04/interview-with-roderick-long/ An Interview With Roderick Long] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327050439/https://en.liberalis.pl/2008/01/04/interview-with-roderick-long/ |date=2020-03-27 }}"</ref> Charles W. Johnson,<ref>Johnson, Charles W. (2008). "[http://radgeek.com/gt/2010/03/02/liberty-equality-solidarity-toward-a-dialectical-anarchism/ Liberty, Equality, Solidarity: Toward a Dialectical Anarchism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626123451/https://radgeek.com/gt/2010/03/02/liberty-equality-solidarity-toward-a-dialectical-anarchism/ |date=2022-06-26 }}." ''Anarchism/Minarchism: Is a Government Part of a Free Country?'' In Long, Roderick T. and Machan, Tibor Aldershot: Ashgate pp. 155–188.</ref> Brad Spangler,<ref>Spangler, Brad (15 September 2006). "[http://bradspangler.com/blog/archives/473 Market Anarchism as Stigmergic Socialism] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20110510102306/http://bradspangler.com/blog/archives/473|date=10 May 2011}}.</ref> Sheldon Richman,<ref>Richman, Sheldon (23 June 2010). "[http://sheldonfreeassociation.blogspot.com/2006/07/why-left-libertarian.html Why Left-Libertarian?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103113718/http://sheldonfreeassociation.blogspot.com/2006/07/why-left-libertarian.html |date=2020-01-03 }}" ''The Freeman''. Foundation for Economic Education.</ref><ref>Richman, Sheldon (18 December 2009). "[http://www.thefreemanonline.org/columns/tgif/workers-of-the-world-unite Workers of the World Unite for a Free Market"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722145233/http://www.thefreemanonline.org/columns/tgif/workers-of-the-world-unite|date=22 July 2014}}." Foundation for Economic Education.</ref><ref name="LibertarianLeft">Sheldon Richman (3 February 2011). "[http://www.theamericanconservative.com/blog/libertarian-left/ Libertarian Left: Free-market anti-capitalism, the unknown ideal] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509201621/http://www.theamericanconservative.com/blog/libertarian-left/|date=9 May 2012}}." ''The American Conservative''. Retrieved 5 March 2012.</ref> [[Chris Matthew Sciabarra]]<ref>Sciabarra, Chris Matthew (2000). ''Total Freedom: Toward a Dialectical Libertarianism''. University Park, PA:Pennsylvania State University Press.</ref> and [[Gary Chartier]],<ref>Chartier, Gary (2009). ''Economic Justice and Natural Law''. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.</ref> who stress the value of radically free markets, termed [[freed market]]s to distinguish them from the common conception which these [[left-libertarians]] believe to be riddled with [[capitalist]] and [[statist]] privileges.<ref name="marketsnotcap">Gillis, William (2011). "The Freed Market." In Chartier, Gary and Johnson, Charles. ''Markets Not Capitalism''. Brooklyn, NY: Minor Compositions/Autonomedia. pp. 19–20.</ref> Referred to as left-wing market anarchists<ref>Chartier, Gary; Johnson, Charles W. (2011). ''Markets Not Capitalism: Individualist Anarchism Against Bosses, Inequality, Corporate Power, and Structural Poverty''. Brooklyn, NY: Minor Compositions/Autonomedia. pp. 1–16.</ref> or market-oriented left-libertarians,<ref name="LibertarianLeft"/> proponents of this approach strongly affirm the [[classical liberal]] ideas of [[self-ownership]] and [[free market]]s while maintaining that taken to their logical conclusions these ideas support [[anti-capitalist]], [[anti-corporatist]], [[Social hierarchies|anti-hierarchical]] and [[pro-labor]] positions in economics; [[anti-imperialism]] in foreign policy; and thoroughly radical views regarding such cultural issues as gender, sexuality and race.<ref>Gary Chartier and Charles W. Johnson (eds). ''Markets Not Capitalism: Individualist Anarchism Against Bosses, Inequality, Corporate Power, and Structural Poverty''. Minor Compositions; 1st edition (November 5, 2011</ref><ref>Gary Chartier has joined Kevin Carson, Charles W. Johnson and others (echoing the language of [[Benjamin Tucker]], [[Lysander Spooner]] and [[Thomas Hodgskin]]) in maintaining that—because of its heritage, emancipatory goals and potential—radical market anarchism should be seen by its proponents and by others as part of the socialist tradition and that market anarchists can and should call themselves socialists. See Gary Chartier, "Advocates of Freed Markets Should Oppose Capitalism," "Free-Market Anti-Capitalism?" session, annual conference, [[Association of Private Enterprise Education]] (Cæsar's Palace, Las Vegas, NV, April 13, 2010); Gary Chartier, [http://c4ss.org/content/1738 "Advocates of Freed Markets Should Embrace 'Anti-Capitalism'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929195335/http://c4ss.org/content/1738 |date=2019-09-29 }}; Gary Chartier, [http://invisiblemolotov.wordpress.com/2009/09/12/socialist-ends-market-means/ ''Socialist Ends, Market Means: Five Essays'']  . Cp. Tucker, "Socialism."</ref> Critics of ''laissez-faire'' as commonly understood argues that a truly ''laissez-faire'' system would be anti-capitalist and socialist.<ref>Nick Manley, [http://c4ss.org/content/27009 "Brief Introduction To Left-Wing Laissez Faire Economic Theory: Part One"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818131348/http://c4ss.org/content/27009 |date=2021-08-18 }}.</ref><ref>Nick Manley, [https://c4ss.org/content/27062 "Brief Introduction To Left-Wing Laissez Faire Economic Theory: Part Two"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516192528/https://c4ss.org/content/27062 |date=2021-05-16 }}.</ref>

Kevin Carson describes his politics as on "the outer fringes of both free market [[libertarianism]] and [[socialism]]"<ref>[https://c4ss.org/content/11792 "Introductions – Kevin Carson"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329172601/http://c4ss.org/content/11792 |date=2019-03-29 }}.</ref> and has also been highly critical of intellectual property.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://c4ss.org/content/521|title=Intellectual Property – A Libertarian Critique|publisher=c4ss.org|access-date=May 23, 2009|last=Carson|first=Kevin|archive-date=September 11, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911011138/http://c4ss.org/content/521|url-status=live}}</ref> Carson has identified the work of Benjamin Tucker, [[Thomas Hodgskin]], [[Ralph Borsodi]], [[Paul Goodman (writer)|Paul Goodman]], [[Lewis Mumford]], [[Elinor Ostrom]], [[Peter Kropotkin]] and [[Ivan Illich]] as sources of inspiration for his approach to politics and economics.<ref>Kevin A. Carson, [http://c4ss.org/content/11792 Introduction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016061056/http://c4ss.org/content/11792 |date=2012-10-16 }}, ''The Art of the Possible''.</ref> In addition to individualist anarchist Benjamin Tucker's big four monopolies (land, money, tariffs and patents), he argues that the [[Sovereign state|state]] has also transferred wealth to the wealthy by subsidizing organizational centralization in the form of transportation and communication subsidies. Carson believes that Tucker overlooked this issue due to Tucker's focus on individual market transactions whereas he also focuses on organizational issues. As such, the primary focus of his most recent work has been decentralized manufacturing and the informal and household economies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://c4ss.org/content/78|title=Industrial Policy: New Wine in Old Bottles|publisher=c4ss.org|access-date=May 26, 2009|last=Carson|first=Kevin|archive-date=September 11, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911011215/http://c4ss.org/content/78|url-status=live}}</ref> The theoretical sections of Carson's ''[[Studies in Mutualist Political Economy]]'' are also presented as an attempt to integrate [[marginalist]] critiques into the [[labor theory of value]].<ref>Kevin Carson, [http://www.mutualist.org/id112.html "Studies in Mutualist Political Economy"], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415135834/http://www.mutualist.org/id112.html|date=15 April 2011}} chs. 1–3.</ref>

In response to claims that he uses the term capitalism incorrectly, Carson says he is deliberately choosing to resurrect what he claims to be an old definition of the term to "make a point". He claims that "the term 'capitalism,' as it was originally used, did not refer to a free market, but to a type of statist class system in which capitalists controlled the state and the state intervened in the market on their behalf".<ref>Carson, Kevin A. [https://www.mises.org/journals/jls/20_1/20_1_7.pdf Carson's Rejoinders] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817054508/http://mises.org/journals/jls/20_1/20_1_7.pdf |date=2014-08-17 }}. Journal of Libertarian Studies, Volume 20, No. 1 (Winter 2006): 97–136  [116–117].</ref> Carson holds that "capitalism, arising as a new class society directly from the old class society of the [[Middle Ages]], was founded on an act of robbery as massive as the earlier [[Feudalism|feudal]] conquest of the land. It has been sustained to the present by continual state intervention to protect its system of privilege without which its survival is unimaginable".<ref name="Richman">Richman, Sheldon, [http://www.amconmag.com/blog/libertarian-left/ Libertarian Left] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814153531/http://www.amconmag.com/blog/libertarian-left/|date=14 August 2011}}, ''[[The American Conservative]]'' (March 2011).</ref> Carson argues that in a truly ''laissez-faire'' system the ability to extract a profit from labor and capital would be negligible.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.anxietyculture.com/bluffecon.htm#zerointerest|title=Bluffer's Guide to Revolutionary Economics|first=Brian|last=Dean|journal=[[The Idler (1993)|The Idler]]|date=Winter 2002|access-date=24 May 2009|archive-date=27 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427124422/http://www.anxietyculture.com/bluffecon.htm#zerointerest|url-status=live}}</ref> Carson coined the [[pejorative]] term vulgar libertarianism, a phrase that describes the use of a free market rhetoric in defense of [[corporate capitalism]] and [[economic inequality]]. According to Carson, the term is derived from the phrase vulgar political economy which [[Karl Marx]] described as an economic order that "deliberately becomes increasingly apologetic and makes strenuous attempts to talk out of existence the ideas which contain the contradictions [existing in economic life]".<ref>Marx, ''Theories of Surplus Value, III,'' p. 501.</ref>

Gary Chartier offers an understanding of [[property rights]] as contingent yet tightly constrained social strategies, reflective of the importance of multiple, overlapping rationales for separate [[ownership]] and of [[natural law]] principles of practical reasonableness, defending robust yet non-absolute protections for these rights in a manner similar to that employed by [[David Hume]].<ref>See Gary Chartier, ''Anarchy and Legal Order: Law and Politics for a Stateless Society'' (New York: Cambridge UP 2013) 44–156.</ref> This account is distinguished both from [[Lockean]] and neo-Lockean views which deduce property rights from the idea of self-ownership and from [[consequentialist]] accounts that might license widespread ad hoc interference with the possessions of groups and individuals.<ref>See Gary Chartier, "Natural Law and Non-Aggression," ''Acta Juridica Hungarica'' 51.2 (June 2010): 79–96 and, for an earlier version, ''Justice'' 32–46.</ref> Chartier uses this account to ground a clear statement of the natural law basis for the view that solidaristic wealth [[redistribution (economics)|redistribution]] by individual persons is often morally required, but as a response by individuals and grass-roots networks to particular circumstances rather than as a state-driven attempt to achieve a particular distributive pattern.<ref>See ''Justice'' 47–68.</ref> He advances detailed arguments for [[workplace democracy]] rooted in such natural law principles as [[subsidiarity]],<ref>''Justice'' 89–120.</ref> defending it as morally desirable and as a likely outcome of the elimination of injustice rather than as something to be mandated by the state.<ref>See Gary Chartier, "Pirate Constitutions and Workplace Democracy," ''Jahrbuch für Recht und Ethik'' 18 (2010): 449–467.</ref>

Chartier has discussed natural law approaches to [[land reform]] and to the [[occupation of factories]] by workers.<ref>''Justice'' 123–154.</ref> He objects on natural law grounds to intellectual property protections, drawing on his theory of property rights more generally<ref>See Gary Chartier,' "Intellectual Property and Natural Law," ''Australian Journal of Legal Philosophy'' 36 (2011): 58–88.</ref> and develops a general natural law account of [[boycotts]].<ref>See ''Justice'' 176–182.</ref> He has argued that proponents of genuinely freed markets should explicitly reject capitalism and identify with the global anti-capitalist movement while emphasizing that the abuses the anti-capitalist movement highlights result from state-tolerated violence and state-secured privilege rather than from voluntary cooperation and exchange. According to Chartier, "it makes sense for [freed-market advocates] to name what they oppose 'capitalism.' Doing so calls attention to the freedom movement's radical roots, emphasizes the value of understanding society as an alternative to the state, underscores the fact that proponents of freedom object to non-aggressive as well as aggressive restraints on liberty, ensures that advocates of freedom aren't confused with people who use market rhetoric to prop up an unjust status quo, and expresses solidarity between defenders of freed markets and workers — as well as ordinary people around the world who use "capitalism" as a short-hand label for the world-system that constrains their freedom and stunts their lives".<ref name="Richman"/><ref>[https://c4ss.org/content/1738 "Advocates of Freed Markets Should Embrace "Anti-Capitalism"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023155347/http://c4ss.org/content/1738 |date=2021-10-23 }}.</ref>