Editing LGBTQ movements (section)

=== Homophile movement (1945–1969) ===
{{Main|Homophile movement}}
[[File:The Ladder, October 1957.jpg|thumb|upright 0.75|Cover of U.S. lesbian publication ''[[The Ladder (magazine)|The Ladder]]'' from October 1957. The motif of masks and unmasking was prevalent in the [[homophile movement|homophile]] era, prefiguring the political strategy of [[coming out]] and giving the [[Mattachine Society]] its name.]]

Immediately following [[World War II]], a number of homosexual rights groups came into being or were revived across the Western world, in Britain, France, Germany, the Netherlands, the Scandinavian countries and the United States. These groups usually preferred the term ''homophile'' to ''homosexual'', emphasizing love over sex.

The homophile movement began in the late 1940s with groups in the Netherlands and Denmark, and continued throughout the 1950s and 1960s with groups in Sweden, Norway, the United States, [[Arcadie (French homophile organization)|France]], Britain and elsewhere. [[ONE, Inc.]], the first public homosexual organization in the U.S.,<ref name="before">Percy, William A. & William Edward Glover, 2005, [http://williamapercy.com/pub-Comments-PercyGlover.htm Before Stonewall], November 5, 2005 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621122142/http://williamapercy.com/pub-Comments-PercyGlover.htm |date=June 21, 2008 }}</ref> was bankrolled by the wealthy transsexual man [[Reed Erickson]]. A U.S. transgender rights journal, ''Transvestia: The Journal of the American Society for Equality in Dress'', also published two issues in 1952.

The homophile movement lobbied to establish a prominent influence in political systems of social acceptability. Radicals of the 1970s would later disparage the homophile groups for being [[Cultural assimilation|assimilationist]]. Any demonstrations were orderly and polite.<ref name="matzner">Matzner, 2004, "[http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/stonewall_riots.html Stonewall Riots] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060116051051/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/stonewall_riots.html |date=January 16, 2006 }}"</ref> By 1969, there were dozens of homophile organizations and publications in the U.S.,<ref>Percy, 2005, "[http://williamapercy.com/BeforeStonewallReview.htm Before Stonewall: Activists for Gay and Lesbian Rights]" {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827185054/http://williamapercy.com/BeforeStonewallReview.htm |date=August 27, 2008 }}</ref> and a national organization had been formed, but they were largely ignored by the media.

A 1965 gay march held in front of [[Independence Hall]] in Philadelphia, according to some historians, marked the beginning of the modern gay rights movement. Meanwhile, in San Francisco, the LGBT youth organization Vanguard was formed by Adrian Ravarour to demonstrate for equality, and Vanguard members protested for equal rights during the months of April–July 1966, followed by the August 1966 Compton's riot, where transgender street prostitutes in the poor neighborhood of [[Tenderloin, San Francisco, California|Tenderloin]] rioted against police harassment at a popular all-night restaurant, [[Compton's Cafeteria riot|Gene Compton's Cafeteria.]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bernadicou |first1=August |title=Adrian Ravarour |url=https://www.augustnation.com/adrian-ravarour |website=August Nation |publisher=The LGBTQ History Project |access-date=June 27, 2019 |archive-date=June 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627121016/https://www.augustnation.com/adrian-ravarour |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The [[Wolfenden Report]] was published in Britain on September 4, 1957, after publicized convictions for homosexuality of well-known men, including [[Edward Montagu-Scott, 3rd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu]]. Disregarding the conventional ideas of the day, the committee recommended that "homosexual behaviour between consenting adults in private should no longer be a criminal offence". 

All but James Adair were in favor of this and, contrary to some medical and psychiatric witnesses' evidence at that time, found that "homosexuality cannot legitimately be regarded as a disease, because in many cases it is the only symptom and is compatible with full mental health in other respects." The report added, "The law's function is to preserve public order and decency, to protect the citizen from what is offensive or injurious, and to provide sufficient safeguards against exploitation and corruption of others ... It is not, in our view, the function of the law to intervene in the private life of citizens, or to seek to enforce any particular pattern of behavior."

The report eventually led to the introduction of the [[Sexual Offences Act 1967|Sexual Offences Bill 1967]] supported by [[labour Party (UK)|Labour]] MP [[Roy Jenkins]], then the Labour [[Home Secretary]]. When passed, the [[Sexual Offences Act|Sexual Offenses Act]] decriminalized homosexual acts between two men over 21 years of age ''in private'' in England and [[Wales]]. The seemingly innocuous phrase 'in private' led to the prosecution of participants in sex acts involving three or more men, e.g. the [[Bolton 7]] who were so convicted as recently as 1998.<ref name="guardian.co.uk">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/02/tories-out-in-force-gay-pride "Pride 2010: From section 28 to Home Office float, Tories come out in force"], Helen Pidd, ''The Guardian'', London, July 3, 2010.</ref>

Bisexual activism became more visible toward the end of the 1960s in the United States. In 1966 bisexual activist [[Stephen Donaldson (activist)|Robert A. Martin (also known as Donny the Punk)]] founded the Student Homophile League at Columbia University and New York University. In 1967 Columbia University officially recognized this group, thus making them the first college in the United States to officially recognize a gay student group.<ref name="binetusa">{{cite web|url=http://www.binetusa.org/bihealth.html|title=Timeline: the bisexual health movement in the US|publisher=BiNetUSA|access-date=October 18, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207185405/http://www.binetusa.org/bihealth.html|archive-date=February 7, 2019}}</ref>

Activism on behalf of bisexuals in particular also began to grow, especially in San Francisco. One of the earliest organizations for bisexuals, the Sexual Freedom League in San Francisco, was facilitated by Margo Rila and Frank Esposito beginning in 1967.<ref name="binetusa" /> Two years later, during a staff meeting at a San Francisco mental health facility serving LGBT people, nurse Maggi Rubenstein came out as bisexual. Due to this, bisexuals began to be included in the facility's programs for the first time.<ref name="binetusa" />