Editing Kivalina, Alaska (section)

==Environmental issues==
Due to severe [[Coastal erosion|sea wave erosion]] during storms, the city hopes to relocate again to a new site {{convert|12|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the present site; studies of alternate sites are ongoing.<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-sci-kivalina25nov25,0,1486994.story?page=3&coll=la-home-center An Alaska island is Losing Ground]'', ''Los Angeles Times'', November 25, 2007''</ref> According to the [[U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]], the estimated cost of relocation runs between $95 and $125 million, whereas the [[Government Accountability Office]] (GAO) estimates it to be between $100 and $400 million.<ref name=abate>{{cite journal|last=Abate|first=Randall S. |title=Public Nuisance Suits for the Climate Justice Movement: The Right Thing and the Right Time|journal=Washington Law Review|date=May 2010 |volume=85|pages=197–252|url=https://digital.lib.washington.edu/dspace-law/bitstream/handle/1773.1/343/Abate%20Author%20Copy.pdf?sequence=1}}</ref> Since the temperatures in the Arctic as rising is it heavily impacting the Kivalina community.<ref>{{Citation |title=User:Sky1405/Kivalina, Alaska |date=April 3, 2024 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sky1405/Kivalina,_Alaska&oldid=1216983005 |access-date=April 5, 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The sea ice that was once there helping to protect the city has now disappeared. Due to these rising sea levels maybe people are out of homes and since resources are becoming scarce it is leading to overcrowding and poor sanitation.<ref>{{Citation |title=User:Sky1405/Kivalina, Alaska |date=April 3, 2024 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sky1405/Kivalina,_Alaska&oldid=1216983005 |access-date=April 5, 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2011, Haymarket Books published "Kivalina: A Climate Change Story" by Christine Shearer.

===''Kivalina v. ExxonMobil Corporation''===
{{main|Kivalina v. ExxonMobil Corporation}}

The city of Kivalina and a federally recognized [[List of Alaska Native tribal entities|tribe]], the Alaska Native Village of Kivalina, sued [[ExxonMobil]], eight other oil companies, 14 power companies and one coal company in a lawsuit filed in federal court in [[San Francisco]] on February 26, 2008, claiming that the large amounts of [[greenhouse gas]]es they emit contribute to [[global warming]] that threatens the community's existence.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20080303004737/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/02/26/us.warming.ap/index.html Eskimo village sues over global warming]", [[CNN News]], February 26, 2008</ref> The lawsuit estimated the cost of relocation at $400 million.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/27/us/27alaska.html |title=Flooded Village Files Suit, Citing Corporate Link to Climate Change |access-date=February 29, 2008 |author=Felicity Barringer |date=February 27, 2008 |work=[[New York Times]]}}</ref> The suit was dismissed by the [[United States district court]] on September 30, 2009, on the grounds that regulating [[greenhouse gas emissions|greenhouse emissions]] was a political rather than a legal issue and one that needed to be resolved by [[U.S. Congress|Congress]] and the [[Executive (government)|Administration]] rather than by courts.<ref name=dismiss>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101223215714/http://newsroom.law360.com/articlefiles/128820-Kivalina%20Order%20Granting%20Motions%20to%20Dismiss.pdf Order Granting Motions to Dismiss], N.D. Cal., September 30, 2009</ref>

=== ''Kivalina v Teck Cominco'' ===
In 2004, Kivalina underrepresentation from the co-founder of [[Center on Race, Poverty, and Environment|Center on Race Poverty and Environment]], [[Luke Cole]], sued Canadian mining company [[Teck Cominco]], operator of the Red Dog Mine, for polluting its water drinking water source and subsistence fish resources through their discharge of mine waste into the Wulik River.  Teck Cominco settled the suit in 2008 by agreeing to build a wastewater pipeline from the mine to the ocean that would bypass discharging into the Wulik River.<ref name="Rosen"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=World's largest lead and zinc mine (Red Dog mine) found in violation of Clean Water Act|url=https://www.iatp.org/news/worlds-largest-lead-and-zinc-mine-red-dog-mine-found-in-violation-of-clean-water-act|access-date=October 25, 2020|website=www.iatp.org|language=en}}</ref> However, the pipeline was not constructed and the alternative settlement clause was followed.

=== ''Kivalina v. US EPA'' ===
In 2010, the Native Village of Kivalina IRA Council brought suit against the US EPA for failing to adequately address public comments in their permitting of the Red Dog Mine discharge plan under the [[National Pollutant Discharge Elilmination System (NPDES)]].  In 2012, the US [[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|Ninth Circuit]] court upheld the decision of the EPA Appeals Board to not review the permit, citing the insufficiency of the Tribe's argument.<ref name="Hansen 2013 Article 10"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Adams v. Teck Cominco Alaska, Inc., 399 F. Supp. 2d 1031 {{!}} Casetext Search + Citator|url=https://casetext.com/case/adams-v-teck-cominco-alaska|access-date=October 26, 2020|website=casetext.com}}</ref>[[Image:KivalinaOrangeGoo.jpg|thumb|245px|right|"Orange goo"]]

===Orange goo===
On August 4, 2011, it was reported that residents of the city of Kivalina had seen a strange orange goo wash up on the shores. According to the Associated Press, "Tests have been conducted on the substance on the surface of the water in Kivalina. City Administrator Janet Mitchell told the Associated Press that the substance has also shown up in some residents' rain buckets."<ref name="ORANGE SUBSTANCE">{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2011/08/04/oddities-us-alaska-orange-mystery_8602334.html|title=Mysterious orange goo washes up in Alaska village|work=[[Forbes]]|access-date=August 9, 2011|location=ANCHORAGE, Alaska}}{{dead link|date=January 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} 
<!-- the " orange goo " was identified 08/08/11 in the New York Times as eggs or egg masses from an as yet unidentified species. Further inquiry was underway. --></ref> On August 8, 2011, Associated Press reported that the substance consisted of millions of microscopic eggs.<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2011/08/08/general-us-alaska-orange-mystery_8608793.html Orange goo near remote Alaska village ID'd as eggs]{{dead link|date=January 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, Associated Press, August 8, 2011</ref> Later, officials of the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA) confirmed that the orange colored materials were some kind of crustacean eggs or embryos,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hfuFBUOk9FRBgf3MBklWAvUyKRxw?docId=e27ec07227e04ae8a7a0bef09dd9a3ea|title=Orange goo near remote Alaska village ID'd as eggs|last=D'Oro|first=Rachel|work=The Associated Press|publisher=[[Google Search]]|access-date=August 9, 2011|location=Anchorage, Alaska}}{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mysterious Orange Goo Baffles Remote Alaska Village |publisher=Fox News |date=August 6, 2011 |url=https://www.foxnews.com/science/mysterious-orange-goo-baffles-remote-alaska-village |access-date=August 9, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mystery Orange Goo in Remote Alaskan Village Identified |publisher=Fox News |date=August 8, 2011 |url=http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/08/08/mystery-orange-goo-in-remote-alaskan-village-identified/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809080752/http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/08/08/mystery-orange-goo-in-remote-alaskan-village-identified/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 9, 2011 |access-date=August 9, 2011}}</ref> but subsequent examination resulted in a declaration that the substance consisted of [[spore]]s from a possibly undescribed species of [[Rust (fungus)|rust fungus]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Orange Goo on Alaska Shore Was Fungal Spores|publisher=Fox News|date=August 18, 2011| url=http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/08/18/orange-goo-on-alaska-shore-was-fungal-spores| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819095546/http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/08/18/orange-goo-on-alaska-shore-was-fungal-spores/| url-status=dead| archive-date=August 19, 2011|access-date=August 18, 2011}}</ref> later revealed to be ''[[Chrysomyxa ledicola]]''.<ref>{{cite web
 | url = http://coastalscience.noaa.gov/news/habs/identification-of-alaska-orange-goo-as-tundra-rust-spores-confirmed-at-the-species-level-by-usda-and-canadian-forest-service/
 | title = Alaska "Orange Goo" Rust Spores Confirmed
 | date = February 9, 2012
| work = NCCOS News
 | publisher = National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science
 | access-date = March 7, 2012
| quote = An “orange goo” covered the Inupiat village of Kivalina, Alaska, last summer. Six months later the substance was confirmed by forestry experts at the USDA Forest Service and the Canadian Forest Service to be rust fungi uredospores of ''Chrysomyxa ledicola''.
}}</ref>

=== Sea level rise and coastal erosion ===
On numerous occasions the community has been inundated by storm surges and been forced to evacuate.<ref name=":0">Brubaker, M., Berner, J., Bell, J. N., & Warren, J. (2011). ''Climate Change in Kivalina Alaska.pdf'' (p. 70) [Funded by United States Indian Health Service Cooperative Agreement No. AN 08-X59]. ANTHC. https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/public/php/26952/Climate%20Change%20HIA%20Report_Kivalina.pdf</ref>  While the risk of inundation from sea water has always existed, storms caused extensive flooding in 1970, 1976, 2002, 2004, and spurred a village-wide evacuation in 2007.<ref name=":0" />  To slow erosion, the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|US Army Corps of Engineers]] conducted a rip-rap revetment project along the tip of the barrier island<ref name=":13"/> and adjacent to the airport.

=== Other climate change impacts ===
In addition to increased flooding from storm surges, bank erosion along the Wulik River causes increased turbidity which affects the city's drinking water source and complicates water treatment.<ref name=":0" />