Editing Kingdom of Jerusalem (section)

=== Expansion ===
During [[Baldwin I of Jerusalem|Baldwin I]]'s reign, the kingdom expanded even further. The number of European inhabitants increased, as the minor [[crusade of 1101]] brought reinforcements to the kingdom. Baldwin repopulated Jerusalem with Franks and native Christians, after his expedition [[Oultrejordain|across the Jordan]] in 1115.<ref>William of Tyre, vol. 1, bk. 11, ch. 27, pp. 507–508.</ref> With help from the Italian city-states and other adventurers, notably King [[Sigurd I of Norway]], Baldwin captured the port cities of Acre (1104), [[Beirut]] (1110), and [[Sidon]] (1111), while exerting his [[suzerainty]] over the other [[crusader state]]s to the north – Edessa (which he had founded in 1097 during the crusade), Antioch, and Tripoli, which he helped capture in 1109. He successfully defended against Muslim invasions, from the Fatimids at the numerous [[Battle of Ramla (disambiguation)|battles at Ramla]]<!--leave as link to dab, as this refers to all three battles within five years--> and elsewhere in the southwest of the kingdom, and from [[Damascus]] and [[Mosul]] at the [[Battle of al-Sannabra]] in the northeast in 1113.<ref>[[Thomas F. Madden|Thomas Madden]], ''The New Concise History of the Crusades'' (Rowman and Littlefield, 2005), pp. 40–43.</ref> As [[Thomas F. Madden|Thomas Madden]] says, Baldwin was {{qi|the true founder of the kingdom of Jerusalem}}, who {{qi|had transformed a tenuous arrangement into a solid feudal state. With brilliance and diligence, he established a strong monarchy, conquered the Palestinian coast, reconciled the crusader barons, and built strong frontiers against the kingdom's Muslim neighbours.}}<ref>Madden, pg. 43.</ref>
[[File:Funeral of Baldwin I.jpg|thumb|left|The funeral of [[Baldwin I of Jerusalem|Baldwin I]] from the book ''[[Passages d'outremer|Les Passages d'outremer faits par les Français contre les Turcs depuis Charlemagne jusqu'en 1462]]''.]]
Baldwin brought with him an Armenian wife, traditionally named [[Arda of Armenia|Arda]] (although never named such by contemporaries), whom he had married to gain political support from the Armenian population in Edessa, and whom he quickly set aside when he no longer needed Armenian support in Jerusalem. He bigamously married [[Adelaide del Vasto]], regent of Sicily, in 1113, but was convinced to divorce her as well in 1117; Adelaide's son from her first marriage, [[Roger II of Sicily]], never forgave Jerusalem, and for decades withheld much-needed Sicilian naval support.{{sfn|Mayer|1988|pages=71–72}}

Baldwin died without heirs in 1118, during a campaign against Egypt, and the kingdom was offered to his brother [[Eustace III of Boulogne]], who had accompanied Baldwin and Godfrey on the crusade. Eustace was uninterested, and instead the crown passed to Baldwin's relative, probably a cousin, [[Baldwin II of Jerusalem|Baldwin of Le Bourg]], who had previously succeeded him in Edessa. Baldwin II was an able ruler, and he too successfully defended against Fatimid and Seljuk invasions. Although Antioch was severely weakened after the [[Battle of Ager Sanguinis]] in 1119, and Baldwin himself was held captive by the emir of Aleppo from 1123 to 1124, Baldwin led the crusader states to victory at the [[Battle of Azaz (1125)|Battle of Azaz]] in 1125. His reign saw the establishment of the first [[Military order (society)|military orders]], the [[Knights Hospitaller]] and the [[Knights Templar]]; the earliest surviving written laws of the kingdom, compiled at the [[Council of Nablus]] in 1120; and the first commercial treaty with the [[Republic of Venice]], the {{lang|la|[[Pactum Warmundi]]}}, in 1124. The increase of naval and military support from Venice led to the capture of [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]] that year. The influence of Jerusalem was further extended over Edessa and Antioch, where Baldwin II acted as regent when their own leaders were killed in battle, although there were regency governments in Jerusalem as well during Baldwin's captivity.{{sfn|Mayer|1988|pages=72–77}} Baldwin was married to the Armenian noblewoman [[Morphia of Melitene]], and had four daughters: [[Hodierna of Tripoli|Hodierna]] and [[Alice of Antioch|Alice]], who married into the families of the Count of Tripoli and Prince of Antioch; [[Ioveta of Bethany|Ioveta]], who became an influential abbess; and the eldest, [[Melisende of Jerusalem|Melisende]], who was his heir and succeeded him upon his death in 1131, with her husband [[Fulk of Jerusalem|Fulk V of Anjou]] as king-consort. Their son, the future [[Baldwin III of Jerusalem|Baldwin III]], was named co-heir by his grandfather.{{Sfn|Tyerman|2006|pp=207–208}}