Editing King's Cross fire (section)

==Legacy==
[[Image:Memorial plaque with clock, King's Cross St. Pancras tube station, London.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Memorial plaque with the clock to the 1987 fire in the station]]
[[Image:St Pancras New Church, February 2015 05.jpg|thumb|Memorial to the 1987 fire in [[St Pancras New Church]]]]
The publication of the report led to resignations of senior management of both London Underground and [[London Regional Transport]] (LRT), including [[Keith Bright]], the chairman of LRT.<ref name=":1">{{cite news|last=Eliason|first=Marcus|date=10 November 1988|title=Report Denounces Staff Response to Deadly Fire; Top Men Quit|url=https://apnews.com/article/0eb7ac0b389021884dc431dc703a3cd7|access-date=3 February 2021|work=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> Wooden panelling was to be removed from escalators, heat detectors and sprinklers were to be fitted beneath escalators, and the radio communication system and station staff emergency training were to be improved.<ref>{{cite hansard | house = House of Commons | url = https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1989/apr/12/kings-cross-fire-fennell-report#S6CV0150P0_19890412_HOC_145 | title = King's Cross Fire (Fennell Report) | date = 12 April 1989 | column_start = 915 | column_end = 917 | speaker = [[Paul Channon]] | access-date = 29 October 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121227101227/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1989/apr/12/kings-cross-fire-fennell-report#S6CV0150P0_19890412_HOC_145 | archive-date = 27 December 2012 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/law-obituaries/8618848/Sir-Desmond-Fennell.html |url-access = subscription|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |title=Sir Desmond Fennell |date=5 July 2011 |access-date=8 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613050755/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/law-obituaries/8618848/Sir-Desmond-Fennell.html |archive-date=13 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Fire Precautions (Sub-surface Railway Stations) Regulations 1989 were introduced.<ref>{{UK SI|year=1989|number=1401|title=Fire Precautions (Sub-surface Railway Stations) Regulations 1989}}</ref> Smoking was banned in all London Underground stations, including on the escalators, on 23 November, five days after the fire. Wooden escalators were gradually replaced, some remaining into the early 2000s (those at [[Wanstead tube station|Wanstead]] were replaced in 2003 and at [[Marylebone tube station|Marylebone]] in 2004,<ref>{{citation |year=2004 |title=An End To Treading the Boards |publisher=Metronet |location=Metronet Matters, Issue 3 |page=17 }}</ref>) and since 2014 the entire London Underground has been operating on metal escalators, after the last wooden escalator at [[Greenford tube station|Greenford]] on the [[Central line (London Underground)|Central line]] was decommissioned on 11 March 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.london24.com/news/transport/tube_s_only_wooden_escalator_to_carry_last_passengers_1_3419976 |title=Tube's only wooden escalator to carry last passengers |last=Mann |first=Sebastian |date=11 March 2014 |work=London 24 |access-date=16 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029143253/http://www.london24.com/news/transport/tube_s_only_wooden_escalator_to_carry_last_passengers_1_3419976 |archive-date=29 October 2014}}</ref>

By 1997, the majority of the recommendations of the Fennell report had been implemented, with safety improvements including the removal of any hazardous materials, CCTV fitted in stations, installation of fire alarms and sensors and the issuing of [[Walkie-talkie|personal radios]] to staff.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 October 1997|title=Kings Cross Tragedy Means Safety First For London Underground|url=http://www.londontransport.co.uk/general/latest/kings_x.html#top|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980212232127/http://www.londontransport.co.uk/general/latest/kings_x.html#top|archive-date=12 February 1998|access-date=2021-08-14|website=London Transport}}</ref>

London Underground was also recommended by the Fennell Report to investigate "passenger flow and congestion in stations and take remedial action".{{sfn|Fennell|1988|pp=169}} Consequently, parliamentary bills were tabled to permit London Underground to improve and expand the busiest and most congested stations, such as [[London Bridge station|London Bridge]], [[Tottenham Court Road tube station|Tottenham Court Road]], [[Holborn tube station|Holborn]] and [[King's Cross St Pancras]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/1991/18/introduction/enacted|title=London Underground (Safety Measures) Act 1991|website=www.legislation.gov.uk|access-date=19 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920044253/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/1991/18/introduction/enacted|archive-date=20 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/1993/1/enacted|title=London Underground (King's Cross) Act 1993|website=www.legislation.gov.uk|access-date=19 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920044030/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/1993/1/enacted|archive-date=20 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

Since then, major tube stations have been upgraded and expanded to increase capacity and improve safety. London Bridge was upgraded in conjunction with the [[Jubilee Line Extension]] project, which opened in 1999,<ref>{{cite book |last=Mitchell |first=Bob |title=Jubilee Line extension: from concept to completion |publisher=Thomas Telford |location=London |date=2003 |isbn=0727730282 |oclc=51945284}}</ref> King's Cross St Pancras was substantially upgraded and expanded as a component of the [[High Speed 1]] project in the late 2000s,<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2009/november/kings-cross-st-pancras-tube-station-doubles-in-size-as-stateoftheart-ticket-hall-opens|title=King's Cross St. Pancras Tube station doubles in size as state-of-the-art ticket hall opens|date=27 November 2009|website=tfl.gov.uk|publisher=Transport for London|access-date=19 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822110845/https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2009/november/kings-cross-st-pancras-tube-station-doubles-in-size-as-stateoftheart-ticket-hall-opens|archive-date=22 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and Tottenham Court Road was expanded as part of the [[Crossrail]] project in the mid-2010s.<ref>{{cite news |last=Murray |first=Dick |date=10 February 2017 |title=Tottenham Court Road station's £500 million revamp completed as entrances open |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/transport/tottenham-court-road-station-fully-reopens-after-500-million-revamp-a3463261.html |newspaper=[[London Evening Standard]] |access-date=19 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822013831/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/transport/tottenham-court-road-station-fully-reopens-after-500-million-revamp-a3463261.html |archive-date=22 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The fire also led to improvement in firefighters' equipment: yellow plastic leggings that melted in the heat and rubber gloves that limited movement were replaced with more effective clothing.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Alice |last1=Evans |first2=Clifford |last2=Thompson |date=18 November 2017 |title=King's Cross fire: 'I was screaming in pain' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-41902389 |work=BBC News |access-date=8 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615042514/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-41902389 |archive-date=15 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Six firemen received certificates of commendation for their actions at the fire, including Station Officer Townsley who was given the award posthumously.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/transport/rmt-calls-for-staffing-cuts-to-be-scrapped-on-25th-anniversary-of-kings-cross-fire-8326987.html |newspaper=London Evening Standard |title=RMT calls for staffing cuts to be scrapped on 25th anniversary of Kings Cross fire |date=18 November 2012 |access-date=8 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612155033/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/transport/rmt-calls-for-staffing-cuts-to-be-scrapped-on-25th-anniversary-of-kings-cross-fire-8326987.html |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Townsley was also posthumously awarded the [[George Medal]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=51745 |date=24 May 1989 |page=6217 |supp=y}}</ref>

Soon after the fire a commemoration service was held at [[St Pancras New Church|St Pancras Church]].<ref name=ceremony/> Further commemoration services were held on 18 November 2002, the 15th anniversary of the blaze, on the 20th anniversary in 2007 at the station itself,<ref name=ceremony>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/7099677.stm | title=Ceremony marks King's Cross fire |work=BBC News | date=17 November 2007 | access-date=20 April 2013}}</ref> on the 25th anniversary in 2012 at the Church of the Blessed Sacrament near the station,<ref name="25 year">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-20383221|title=King's Cross fire 25th anniversary marked|date=19 November 2012|work=BBC News|access-date=19 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118183345/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-20383221|archive-date=18 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> and on the 30th anniversary in 2017 at the station, with the laying of a wreath.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-42037505 |title=King's Cross fire: Victims remembered at wreath-laying service |work=BBC News |date=18 November 2017 |access-date=20 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309022554/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-42037505 |archive-date=9 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Memorial plaques commemorating the disaster were installed at St Pancras Church, unveiled by [[Diana, Princess of Wales]], and at King's Cross station.<ref name=ceremony/>