Editing Kim Philby (section)

===World War II===
In July 1939, Philby returned to ''The Times'' office in London. When Britain declared war on [[Nazi Germany]] in September 1939, Philby's contact with his Soviet controllers was lost and he failed to attend the meetings that were necessary for his work. During the [[Phoney War]] from September 1939 until the [[Dunkirk evacuation]], Philby worked as ''The Times''{{'}} first-hand correspondent with the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War II)|British Expeditionary Force]] headquarters.{{sfn|Borovik|Knightley|1994}}{{page needed|date=June 2020}} After being evacuated from [[Boulogne]] on 21 May, he returned to France in mid-June and began representing ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in addition to ''The Times''. He briefly reported from [[Cherbourg]] and [[Brest, France|Brest]], sailing for [[Plymouth]] less than 24 hours before France surrendered to Germany in June 1940.{{sfn|Seale|McConnville|1973|pp= 110–111}}

In 1940, on the recommendation of Burgess, Philby joined MI6's Section D, a secret organisation charged with investigating how enemies might be attacked through non-military means.{{sfn|Holzman|2013|p=146}}{{sfn|Holzman|2013|p=135}} Philby and Burgess ran a training course for would-be [[sabotage|saboteurs]] at Brickendonbury Manor in [[Hertfordshire]].{{sfn|Lownie|2016|pp=110–111}} His time at Section D, however, was short-lived; the "tiny, ineffective, and slightly comic" section{{sfn|Seale|McConnville|1973|p=128}} was soon absorbed by the [[Special Operations Executive]] (SOE) in the summer of 1940. Burgess was arrested in September for [[driving under the influence|drunken driving]] and was subsequently fired,{{sfn|Lownie|2016|p=113}} while Philby was appointed as an instructor on clandestine [[propaganda]] at the SOE's finishing school for agents at the Estate of Lord Montagu{{sfn|Lett|2016}}{{page needed|date=September 2022}} in [[Beaulieu, Hampshire|Beaulieu]], [[Hampshire]].{{sfn|Seale|McConnville|1973|p=129}}

Philby's role as an instructor of sabotage agents again brought him to the attention of the Soviet [[Joint State Political Directorate]] (OGPU). This role allowed him to conduct sabotage and instruct agents on how to properly conduct sabotage. The new London ''rezident'', Ivan Chichayev (code-name Vadim), re-established contact and asked for a list of British agents being trained to enter the Soviet Union. Philby replied that none had been sent and that none was undergoing training at that time. This statement was underlined twice in red and marked with two question marks, clearly indicating confusion and questioning of this, by disbelieving staff at [[Lubyanka Building|Moscow Central in the Lubyanka]], according to Genrikh Borovik, who saw the [[telegram]]s much later in the KGB archives.{{sfn|Borovik|Knightley|1994}}{{page needed|date=June 2020}}

Philby provided Stalin with advance warning of [[Operation Barbarossa]] and of the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] intention to strike into southeast Asia instead of attacking the Soviet Union as [[Adolf Hitler]] had urged. The first was ignored as a provocation, but the second, when confirmed by the Russo-German journalist and spy [[Richard Sorge]] in [[Tokyo]], contributed to Stalin's decision to begin transporting troops from the [[Russian Far East|Far East]] in time for the [[counteroffensive]] around Moscow.{{sfn|Borovik|Knightley|1994}}{{page needed|date=June 2020}}

By September 1941, Philby began working for Section Five of MI6, a section responsible for offensive [[counterintelligence|counter-intelligence]]. On the strength of his knowledge and experience of Franco's Spain, he was put in charge of the subsection that dealt with Spain and Portugal. This entailed responsibility for a network of undercover operatives in several cities such as Madrid, Gibraltar, [[Lisbon]] and [[Tangier]].{{sfn|Seale|McConnville|1973|pp= 161–162}} At this time, the German ''[[Abwehr]]'' was active in Spain, particularly around the British naval base of Gibraltar, which its agents hoped to watch with many detection stations to track [[Allied Powers of World War II|Allied]] supply ships in the Western Mediterranean.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hinsley |first1=F. H. |author1-link=Harry Hinsley |title=British intelligence in the Second World War |date=1979–1990 |publisher=[[HMSO]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-11-630933-4 |page=720}}</ref> Thanks to British counter-intelligence efforts, of which Philby's Iberian subsection formed a significant part, the project (Abwehr code-name ''[[Operation Bodden|Bodden]]'') never came to fruition.{{sfn|Seale|McConnville|1973|pp= 164–165}}

During 1942–43, Philby's responsibilities were then expanded to include North Africa and Italy, and he was made the deputy head of Section Five under Major Felix Cowgill, an army officer seconded to SIS.{{sfn|Richelson|1997|p=135}} In early 1944, as it became clear that the Soviet Union was likely to once more prove a significant adversary to Britain, SIS re-activated Section Nine, which dealt with anti-communist efforts. In late 1944 Philby, on instructions from his Soviet handler, maneuvered through the system successfully to replace Cowgill as head of Section Nine.{{sfn|Boyle|1979|pp= 254–255}}<ref name=hiscomments>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-35943428 |title=Kim Philby, British double agent, reveals all in secret video|publisher=BBC News |date=4 April 2016 |author=Gordon Corera|access-date= 4 April 2016}}</ref> [[Charles Arnold-Baker]], an officer of German birth (born Wolfgang von Blumenthal) working for Richard Gatty in Belgium and later transferred to the Norwegian/Swedish border, voiced many suspicions of Philby and his intentions but was repeatedly ignored.<ref name="odnb" />

While working in Section Five, Philby had become acquainted with [[James Jesus Angleton]], a young American counter-intelligence officer working in liaison with SIS in London. Angleton, later chief of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]]'s (CIA) [[Counterintelligence Staff]], became suspicious of Philby when he failed to pass on information relating to a British agent executed by the [[Gestapo]] in Germany.<ref>{{Cite web |title=harry george philby |url=https://siwilaibkk.com/cityclub/7q5d6/article.php?tag=harry-george-philby |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=siwilaibkk.com}}</ref> It later emerged that the agent—known as Schmidt—had also worked as an informant for the ''[[Rote Kapelle]]'' organisation, which sent information to both London and Moscow.{{sfn|Boyle|1979|p= 268}} Nevertheless, Angleton's suspicions went unheard.

In late summer 1943, the SIS provided the GRU an official report on the activities of German agents in [[Bulgaria during World War II|Bulgaria]] and [[Romania during World War II|Romania]], soon to be liberated by the Soviet Union. The NKVD complained to Cecil Barclay, the SIS representative in Moscow, that information had been withheld. Barclay reported the complaint to London. Philby claimed to have overheard discussion of this by chance and sent a report to his controller. This turned out to be identical with Barclay's dispatch, convincing the NKVD that Philby had seen the full Barclay report. A similar lapse occurred with a report from the Japanese embassy in Moscow sent to Tokyo. The NKVD received the same report from Sorge but with an extra paragraph claiming that Hitler might seek a separate peace with the Soviet Union. These lapses by Philby aroused intense suspicion in Moscow.<ref name="odnb" />

Elena Modrzhinskaya at [[GUGB]] headquarters in Moscow assessed all material from the [[Cambridge Five]]. She noted that they produced an extraordinary wealth of information on German war plans but next to nothing on the repeated question of British penetration of Soviet intelligence in either London or Moscow. Philby had repeated his claim that there were no such agents. She asked, "Could the SIS really be such fools they failed to notice suitcase-loads of papers leaving the office? Could they have overlooked Philby's Communist wife?" Modrzhinskaya concluded that all were double agents, working essentially for the British.{{sfn|Borovik|Knightley|1994}}{{page needed|date=June 2020}}

A more serious incident occurred in August 1945, when [[Konstantin Volkov (diplomat)|Konstantin Volkov]], an NKVD agent and vice-consul in [[Istanbul]], requested [[political asylum]] in Britain for himself and his wife. For a large sum of money, Volkov offered the names of three Soviet agents inside Britain, two of whom worked in the Foreign Office and a third who worked in counterintelligence in London. Philby was given the task of dealing with Volkov by British intelligence. He warned the Soviets of the attempted defection and travelled to Istanbul—ostensibly to handle the matter on behalf of SIS but, in reality, to ensure that Volkov had been neutralised. By the time he arrived in Turkey, three weeks later, Volkov had been removed to Moscow.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Konstantin Volkov|url=https://spartacus-educational.com/Konstantin_Volkov.htm|access-date=2020-11-22|website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref><ref name="odnb" />

The intervention of Philby in the affair and the subsequent capture of Volkov by the Soviets might have seriously compromised Philby's position. Volkov's defection had been discussed with the British embassy in [[Ankara]] on telephones which turned out to have been tapped by Soviet intelligence. Volkov had insisted that all written communications about him take place by bag rather than by telegraph, causing a delay in reaction that might plausibly have given the Soviets time to uncover his plans. Philby was thus able to evade blame and detection.{{sfn|Seale|McConnville|1973|pp= 180–181}}

A month later [[Igor Gouzenko]], a cipher clerk in [[Ottawa]], took political asylum in Canada and gave the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] names of agents operating within the [[British Empire]] that were known to him. When Jane Archer (who had interviewed Krivitsky) was appointed to Philby's section he moved her off investigatory work in case she became aware of his past. He later wrote "she had got a tantalising scrap of information about a young English journalist whom the Soviet intelligence had sent to Spain during the Civil War. And here she was plunked down in my midst!"{{sfn|Andrew|2009|pp=263, 263–272, 343}}

Years after the war, [[Hardy Amies|Sir Hardy Amies]], who had served as an intelligence officer, recalled that Philby was in his [[mess]] and on being asked what the infamous spy was like, Hardy quipped, "He was always trying to get information out of me—most significantly the name of my tailor". Philby, "employed in a Department of the Foreign Office", was appointed an Officer of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (OBE) in [[1946 New Year Honours#Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)|1946]].<ref>''London Gazette'' Issue 37412 published on 28 December 1945. p. 8</ref>