Editing Kevlar (section)

==Applications==
{{More citations needed section|date=March 2015}}

=== Science ===

Kevlar is often used in the field of [[cryogenics]] for its low [[thermal conductivity]] and high strength relative to other materials for [[wiktionary:suspension|suspension]] purposes. It is most often used to suspend a [[paramagnetic]] salt enclosure from a [[superconducting magnet]] mandrel in order to minimize any heat leaks to the paramagnetic material. It is also used as a thermal standoff or structural support where low heat leaks are desired.

A thin Kevlar window has been used by the [[NA48 experiment]] at [[CERN]] to separate a vacuum vessel from a vessel at nearly atmospheric pressure, both {{cvt|192|cm|in}} in diameter. The window has provided vacuum tightness combined with reasonably small amount of material (only 0.3% to 0.4% of [[radiation length]]).{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}

=== Protection ===
[[File:Dunham helmet.jpg|thumb|Pieces of a Kevlar helmet used to help absorb the blast of a grenade]]

Kevlar is a well-known component of [[personal armor]] such as [[combat helmet]]s, [[ballistic face mask]]s, and [[ballistic vest]]s. The [[Personnel Armor System for Ground Troops|PASGT helmet and vest]] that were used by [[United States]] military forces used Kevlar as a key component in their construction. Other military uses include bulletproof face masks and [[spall#Antitank warfare|spall liner]]s used to protect the crews of [[armoured fighting vehicle]]s. [[Nimitz-class aircraft carrier|''Nimitz''-class aircraft carriers]] use Kevlar reinforcement in vital areas.  Civilian applications include: high heat resistance uniforms worn by firefighters, body armour worn by police officers, security, and police tactical teams such as [[SWAT]].<ref name="www2.dupont.com">[http://www2.dupont.com/Kevlar/en_US/uses_apps/body_armor/index.html Body Armor Made with Kevlar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224094454/http://www2.dupont.com/Kevlar/en_US/uses_apps/body_armor/index.html |date=2012-02-24 }}. (2005-0604). DuPont the Miracles of Science. Retrieved November 4, 2011</ref>

Kevlar is used to manufacture gloves, sleeves, jackets, [[chaps]] and other articles of clothing<ref>[http://www2.dupont.com/Personal_Protection/en_US/products/kevlar/index.html Kevlar – DuPont Personal Protection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816162655/http://www2.dupont.com/Personal_Protection/en_US/products/kevlar/index.html |date=2011-08-16 }}. .dupont.com. Retrieved on 2012-05-26.</ref> designed to protect users from cuts, abrasions and heat.  Kevlar-based protective gear is often considerably lighter and thinner than equivalent gear made of more traditional materials.<ref name="www2.dupont.com"/>

[[File:Kevlar canoe algonquin.JPG|thumb|right|Kevlar is a very popular material for racing canoes.]]

It is used for [[motorcycle safety clothing]], especially in the areas featuring padding such as the shoulders and elbows. In the sport of [[fencing]] it is used in the protective jackets, breeches, plastrons and the bib of the masks. It is increasingly being used in the ''peto'', the padded covering which protects the [[picador]]s' horses in the bullring. [[Speed skating|Speed skaters]] also frequently wear an under-layer of Kevlar fabric to prevent potential wounds from skates in the event of a fall or collision.

=== Sport ===
In ''[[kyudo]]'', or Japanese [[archery]], it may be used for [[bow string]]s, as an alternative to the more expensive<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shuitsukankyudojo.de/publications/downloads/manual.pdf|title=Kyudo – the way of the bow; The art of shooting the traditional Japanese bow according to the Heki Insai Ha School|last=Genzini|first=Luigi}}</ref> [[hemp]]. It is one of the main materials used for [[paraglider]] suspension lines.<ref>{{citation|last=Pagen|first=Dennis|title=Paragliding Flight: Walking on Air|year=1990|publisher=Pagen Books|isbn=978-0-936310-09-1|page=9}}</ref> It is used as an inner lining for some [[bicycle tire]]s to prevent punctures. In [[table tennis]], plies of Kevlar are added to custom ply blades, or paddles, in order to increase bounce and reduce weight. [[Tennis racquets]] are sometimes strung with Kevlar. It is used in sails for high performance racing boats.

In 2013, with advancements in technology, [[Nike, Inc|Nike]] used Kevlar in shoes for the first time. It launched the Elite II Series,<ref name="Nike News">{{cite web|title=Nike Basketball's ELITE Series 2.0 Rises Above the Rest|url=http://news.nike.com/news/nike-basketball-s-superhero-elite-series-2-0-rises-above-the-rest|website=Nike News|access-date=April 16, 2017|date=March 20, 2013}}</ref> with enhancements to its earlier version of [[basketball shoe]]s by using Kevlar in the [[Welt (shoe)|anterior]] as well as the [[shoe lace]]s. This was done to decrease the elasticity of the tip of the shoe in contrast to the nylon conventionally used, as Kevlar expanded by about 1% against nylon which expanded by about 30%. Shoes in this range included LeBron, HyperDunk and Zoom Kobe VII. However these shoes were launched at a price range much higher than average cost of basketball shoes. It was also used in the laces for the [[Adidas]] F50 adiZero Prime football boot.

Several companies, including [[Continental AG]], manufacture cycle tires with Kevlar to protect against punctures.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.continental-tires.com/bicycle/technology/city-trekking/safetysystem-breaker|title=SafetySystem Breaker|website=www.continental-tires.com|access-date=2019-02-25}}</ref>

Folding-bead bicycle tires, introduced to cycling by [[Michelin|The Michelin Elan tire]] in 1975, along with Mavic "Module E" hook-beaded rims, used Kevlar as a bead in place of steel for weight reduction and strength. A side effect of the folding bead is a reduction in shelf and floor space needed to display cycle tires in a retail environment, as they are folded and placed in small boxes.

=== Music ===

Kevlar has also been found to have useful acoustic properties for [[loudspeaker]] cones, specifically for bass and mid range drive units.<ref>[http://www.audioholics.com/reviews/speakers/bookshelf/bw-cm1/cm1-design-and-construction Audio speaker use]. Audioholics.com (2009-07-23). Retrieved on 2012-05-26.</ref> Additionally, Kevlar has been used as a [[strength member]] in fiber optic cables such as the ones used for audio data transmissions.<ref>[http://www2.dupont.com/Kevlar/en_US/index.html Welcome to Kevlar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716020609/http://www2.dupont.com/Kevlar/en_US/index.html |date=2011-07-16 }}. (2005-06-04). DuPont the Miracles of Science. Retrieved November 4, 2011</ref>

Kevlar can be used as an acoustic core on bows for [[string instruments]].<ref>[http://www.codabow.com/violin_sx.html Carbon fiber bows for violin, viola, cello and bass] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110194549/http://www.codabow.com/violin_sx.html |date=2011-11-10 }}. CodaBow. Retrieved on 2012-05-26.</ref> Kevlar's physical properties provide strength, flexibility, and stability for the bow's user. To date, the only manufacturer of this type of bow is [[CodaBow]].<ref>[http://www.codabow.com/insidecb_h1.html Carbon fiber bows for violin, viola, cello and bass] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309010559/http://www.codabow.com/insidecb_h1.html |date=2012-03-09 }}. CodaBow. Retrieved on 2012-05-26.</ref>

Kevlar is also presently used as a material for tailcords (a.k.a. tailpiece adjusters), which connect the [[tailpiece]] to the [[endpin]] of bowed string instruments.<ref>[http://www.aitchisoncellos.com/articletailpieces.htm Tailpieces and Tailcords] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123022201/http://www.aitchisoncellos.com/articletailpieces.htm |date=2012-11-23 }} Aitchison Mnatzaganian cello makers, restorers and dealers. Retrieved on 2012-12-17.</ref>

Kevlar is sometimes used as a material on marching snare drums. It allows for an extremely high amount of tension, resulting in a cleaner sound. There is usually a resin poured onto the Kevlar to make the head airtight, and a nylon top layer to provide a flat striking surface. This is one of the primary types of marching snare drum heads. [[Remo]]'s Falam Slam patch is made with Kevlar and is used to reinforce bass drum heads where the beater strikes.<ref name="remo_Fala">{{Cite web |title=Falam® Slam |work=Remo |access-date=11 December 2019 |url= https://remo.com/products/product/falam-slam/}}</ref>

Kevlar is used in the [[Woodwind instrument|woodwind]] reeds of Fibracell. The material of these reeds is a composite of aerospace materials designed to duplicate the way nature constructs cane reed. Very stiff but sound absorbing Kevlar fibers are suspended in a lightweight resin formulation.<ref>{{cite web|title=FibraCell Website|url=http://www.fibracelldirect.com/}}</ref>

===Motor vehicles===

Kevlar is sometimes used in structural components of cars, especially high-value performance cars such as the [[Ferrari F40]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.topgear.com/car-news/classic/story-ferrari-f40-its-creators|title = The story of the Ferrari F40 – by its creators|date = 2017-07-21|access-date = 2019-02-25|archive-date = 2021-06-03|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210603111551/https://www.topgear.com/car-news/classic/story-ferrari-f40-its-creators|url-status = dead}}</ref>

The chopped fiber has been used as a replacement for asbestos in [[brake pad]]s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bikeradar.com/gear/category/components/brake-pads/product/review-superstar-components-kevlar-compound-disc-brake-pads-11-44949/|title=Superstar Kevlar compound disc brake pads review|newspaper=BikeRadar|access-date=2016-10-23|archive-date=2016-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024085504/http://www.bikeradar.com/gear/category/components/brake-pads/product/review-superstar-components-kevlar-compound-disc-brake-pads-11-44949/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Aramids such as Kevlar release less airborne fibres than [[asbestos]] brakes and do not have the carcinogenic properties associated with asbestos.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jaffrey|first1=S.A.M.T|last2=Rood|first2= A.P.|last3=Scott|first3=R.M.|year=1992|title=Fibrous dust release from asbestos substitutes in friction products|url=https://academic.oup.com/annweh/article-abstract/36/2/173/199173?redirectedFrom=PDF|journal=The Annals of Occupational Hygiene|language=en|volume=36|issue=2|pages=173–81|doi=10.1093/annhyg/36.2.173|pmid=1530232|issn=0003-4878}}</ref><ref name="pmid19545198">{{cite journal| author=Donaldson K| title=The inhalation toxicology of p-aramid fibrils. | journal=Crit Rev Toxicol | year= 2009 | volume= 39 | issue= 6 | pages= 487–500 | pmid=19545198 | doi=10.1080/10408440902911861 | pmc= | s2cid=6508943 | url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19545198  }}</ref>

=== Other uses ===
[[file:Fire Dancing Golden Gate Bridge.jpg|thumb|Fire poi on a beach in [[San Francisco]]]]
[[file:US Navy 111203-N-WJ771-066 Seaman Apprentice Luis Silva repairs a Kevlar mooring line on the forecastle of the forward-deployed amphibious dock lan.jpg|thumb|Kevlar [[mooring line]]]]

Wicks for [[fire dancing]] props are made of composite materials with Kevlar in them. Kevlar by itself does not absorb fuel very well, so it is blended with other materials such as [[fiberglass]] or [[cotton]]. Kevlar's high heat resistance allows the wicks to be reused many times.

Kevlar is sometimes used as a substitute for [[Teflon]] in some non-stick frying pans.<ref>M.Rubinstein, R.H.Colby, ''Polymer Physics'', Oxford University Press, p337</ref>

Kevlar fiber is used in rope and in cable, where the fibers are kept parallel within a [[polyethylene]] sleeve. The cables have been used in [[suspension bridge]]s such as the bridge at [[Aberfeldy, Scotland]]. They have also been used to stabilize cracking concrete cooling towers by circumferential application followed by tensioning to close the cracks. Kevlar is widely used as a protective outer sheath for [[optical fiber cable]], as its strength protects the cable from damage and kinking. When used in this application it is commonly known by the trademarked name Parafil.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Burgoyne|first=C. J.|date=1987-03-01|title=Structural use of parafil ropes|journal=Construction and Building Materials|volume=1|issue=1|pages=3–13|doi=10.1016/0950-0618(87)90053-5|issn=0950-0618}}</ref>

Kevlar was used by scientists at [[Georgia Institute of Technology]] as a base textile for an experiment in electricity-producing clothing. This was done by weaving [[zinc oxide]] [[nanowire]]s into the fabric. If successful, the new fabric will generate about 80 milliwatts per square meter.<ref>[http://www.sciam.com/podcast/episode.cfm?id=3E0E600F-F7B2-4F1F-DA377027B8FDC443&sc=rss Fabric Produces Electricity As You Wear It]. Scientific American (2008-02-22). Retrieved on 2012-05-26.</ref>

A retractable roof of over {{cvt|60000|sqft|m2}} of Kevlar was a key part of the design of the [[Olympic Stadium, Montreal]] for the [[1976 Summer Olympics]]. It was spectacularly unsuccessful, as it was completed 10 years late and replaced just 10 years later in May 1998 after a series of problems.<ref>{{Structurae|id=20000742|title=Roof of the Montreal Olympic Stadium}}</ref><ref>[http://www.andrewclem.com/Baseball/OlympicStadium.html Clem's Baseball ~ Olympic Stadium]. Andrewclem.com. Retrieved on 2012-05-26.</ref>

Kevlar can be found as a reinforcing layer in [[rubber]] [[bellows]] [[expansion joints]] and rubber [[hose (tubing)|hose]]s, for use in high temperature applications, and for its high strength. It is also found as a braid layer used on the outside of hose assemblies, to add protection against sharp objects.<ref name="Shepherd">{{cite journal|last1=Shepherd|first1=Robert|last2=Stokes|first2=Adam|last3=Nunes|first3=Rui|last4=Whitesides|first4=George|title=Soft Machines That are Resistant to Puncture and That Self Seal|journal=Advanced Materials|date=October 2013|volume=25|issue=46|pages=6709–6713|doi=10.1002/adma.201303175|pmid=24123311|bibcode=2013AdM....25.6709S |s2cid=9251365 |url=https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/12361265/54726101.pdf?sequence=1}}</ref><ref name="Specialist">{{cite book|editor-last1=Gong|editor-first1=RH|title=Specialist Yarn and Fabric Structures: Developments and Applications|date=2011|publisher=Woodhead Publishing|isbn=9781845697570|page=349|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H_w2YgEACAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Meyer|first1=Bruce|title=Unaflex adding space, capacity at S.C. plant|journal=Rubber & Plastics News|date=November 9, 2015|url=http://www.rubbernews.com/article/20151109/NEWS/311029979}}</ref>

Some [[cellphone]]s (including the [[Droid RAZR|Motorola RAZR Family]], the [[Droid Maxx|Motorola Droid Maxx]], [[OnePlus 2]] and [[Pocophone F1]]) have a Kevlar backplate, chosen over other materials such as carbon fiber due to its resilience and lack of interference with signal transmission.<ref>[https://www.motorola.com/Consumers/US-EN/Consumer-Product-and-Services/Mobile-Phones/DROID-RAZR-BY-MOTOROLA-US-EN Droid RAZR]. (2011-10-11). Motorola Mobility. Retrieved November 4, 2011</ref>

The Kevlar fiber/epoxy matrix composite materials can be used in marine current turbines (MCT) or wind turbines due to their high specific strength and light weight compared to other fibers.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wang|first=Jifeng|author2=Norbert Müller |title=Numerical investigation on composite material marine current turbine using CFD|journal=Central European Journal of Engineering|date=December 2011|volume=1|issue=4|pages=334–340|doi=10.2478/s13531-011-0033-6|bibcode=2011CEJE....1..334W|doi-access=free}}</ref>