Editing Kenneth Kaunda (section)

===One-party state and "African socialism"===
In 1964, shortly before independence, violence broke out between supporters of the [[Lumpa Church]], led by [[Alice Lenshina]]. Kaunda temporarily banned the church and ordered Lumpa's arrest.<ref>{{cite news |page=1 |date=4 August 1964 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79842686/ |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |title=15 die in 'holy war' outbreak |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

[[File:Dr Banda and Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia.jpg|thumb|Malawian president [[Hastings Banda]] meeting with Kaunda]]
From 1964 onwards, Kaunda's government developed authoritarian characteristics. Becoming increasingly intolerant of opposition, Kaunda banned all parties except UNIP following violence during the 1968 elections. However, in early 1972, he faced a new threat in the form of [[Simon Kapwepwe]]'s decision to leave UNIP and found a rival party, the [[United Progressive Party (Zambia)|United Progressive Party]], which Kaunda immediately attempted to suppress.<ref>{{cite journal |page=101 |volume=22 |publisher=Gideon Were Publications |journal=Transafrican Journal of History |year=1993 |jstor=24328639 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24328639 |title=The Evolution of One-Party Rule in Zambia, 1964–1972 |last1=Mushingeh |first1=Chiponde |access-date=19 June 2021 |archive-date=23 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623181754/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24328639 |url-status=live }}</ref> Next, he appointed the Chona Commission, which was set up under the chairmanship of Mainza Chona in February 1972. Chona's task was to make recommendations for a new Zambian constitution which would effectively reduce the nation to a [[one-party state]]. The commission's terms of reference did not permit it to discuss the possible faults of Kaunda's decision, but instead to concentrate on the practical details of the move to a one-party state.<ref>{{cite journal |page=111 |volume=22 |publisher=Gideon Were Publications |journal=Transafrican Journal of History |year=1993 |jstor=24328639 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24328639 |title=The Evolution of One-Party Rule in Zambia, 1964–1972 |last1=Mushingeh |first1=Chiponde |access-date=19 June 2021 |archive-date=23 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623181754/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24328639 |url-status=live }}</ref> Finally, Kaunda neutralised Nkumbula by getting him to join UNIP and accept the Choma Declaration on 27 June 1973. The new constitution was formally promulgated on 25 August of that year.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=AAKyAAAAIAAJ&q=%2225+August+1973%22 ''The Law and Economic Development in the Third World''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128115808/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AAKyAAAAIAAJ&dq=zambia+one+party+state+25+August+1973&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%2225+August+1973%22 |date=28 November 2018 }}, P. Ebow Bondzi-Simpson
Praeger, 1992, page 25</ref> At the first elections under the new system held that December, Kaunda was the sole candidate.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79841586/ |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |author=General News Service |title=Zambia faces mounting problems |work=Montreal Gazette |date=18 December 1973}}</ref>

With all opposition having been eliminated, Kaunda allowed the creation of a [[personality cult]]. He developed a left nationalist-socialist ideology, called Zambian Humanism. This was based on a combination of mid-20th-century ideas of central planning/state control and what he considered basic African values: mutual aid, trust, and loyalty to the community. The ideology got critized, because it's seen as similar to [[Fascism|fascism]].<ref>https://phd-dissertations.unizik.edu.ng/onepaper.php?p=779</ref><ref>https://phd-dissertations.unizik.edu.ng/onepaper.php?p=559</ref> a Similar forms of [[African socialism]] were introduced inter alia in Ghana by [[Kwame Nkrumah]] ("Consciencism") and Tanzania by [[Julius Nyerere]] ("[[Ujamaa]]"). To elaborate on his ideology, Kaunda published several books: ''Humanism in Zambia and a Guide to its Implementation, Parts 1, 2 and 3''. Other publications on Zambian Humanism are: ''Fundamentals of Zambian Humanism'', by Timothy Kandeke; ''Zambian Humanism, religion and social morality'', by Rev. Fr. Cleve Dillion-Malone, [[Jesuits|S.J.]], and ''Zambian Humanism: some major spiritual and economic challenges'', by Justin B. Zulu. ''Kaunda on Violence'' (US title, ''The Riddle of Violence'') was published in 1980.<ref>Kaunda, Kenneth D., and Colin Morris. Kaunda on Violence. London: Collins, 1980.</ref>

As president of UNIP, and under the country's one-party state system, Kaunda was the only candidate for president of the republic in the general elections of [[1978 Zambian general election|1978]], [[1983 Zambian general election|1983]], and [[1988 Zambian general election|1988]], each time with official results showing over 80 per cent of voters approving his candidacy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1996/Zambia.htm |publisher=Human Rights Watch |access-date=1 March 2018 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305212655/https://www.hrw.org/reports/1996/Zambia.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elections in Zambia |url=https://africanelections.tripod.com/zm.html |website=africanelections.tripod.com |access-date=18 June 2021 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418064451/https://africanelections.tripod.com/zm.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Parliamentary elections were also controlled by Kaunda. In the 1978 UNIP elections, Kaunda amended the party's constitution to bring in rules that invalidated the challengers' nominations: Kapwepwe was told he could not stand because only people who had been members for five years could be nominated to the presidency (he had only rejoined UNIP three years before); Nkumbula and a third contender, businessman Robert Chiluwe, were outmanoeuvred by introducing a new rule that said each candidate needed the signatures of 200 delegates from ''each'' province to back their candidacy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia: 1973 and 1978 one-party elections |url=https://www.eisa.org/wep/zam1973election.htm |access-date=18 June 2021 |website=African Democracy Encyclopaedia Project |archive-date=18 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618111323/https://www.eisa.org/wep/zam1973election.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>