Editing Kashrut (section)

===Prohibited foods===
{{Main|Kosher foods}}
[[File:Kosher BethDin.jpg|thumb|Kosher [[airline meal]] approved by [[The Johannesburg Beth Din]]]]
The laws of {{transliteration|he|kashrut}} can be classified according to the origin of the prohibition (Biblical or rabbinical) and whether the prohibition concerns the food itself or a mixture of foods.<ref name="Forst">{{cite book |last=Forst |first=Binyomin |title=The laws of kashrus: a comprehensive exposition of their underlying concepts and applications |year=1994 |publisher=Mesorah Publications |location=Brooklyn, N.Y |isbn=978-0-89906-103-0 |pages=32–49}}</ref>

Biblically prohibited foods include:<ref name=Forst/>
* [[Kosher animals|Non-kosher animals]]<ref name="lev 11 3 8">{{Tanakhverse|Leviticus|11:3–8}}</ref><ref>{{Tanakhverse|Deuteronomy|14:3–21}}</ref>—any mammals without certain identifying characteristics ([[Cloven hoof|cloven hooves]] and [[Ruminant|rumination]]); any birds of prey; any fish without fins or scales (thus excluding [[catfish]], for instance).<div style="line-height: 0.22em;">{{nbsp}}</div> All [[invertebrates]] are non-kosher apart from certain types of locust, on which most communities lack a clear tradition. No [[reptiles]] or [[amphibians]] are kosher. There are also no [[rodents]] that are kosher.
* Carrion ({{transliteration|he|nevelah}})—meat from a kosher animal that has not been slaughtered according to the laws of {{transliteration|he|[[shechita]]}}. This prohibition includes animals that have been slaughtered by non-Jews.<ref>[[Babylonian Talmud]], ''Hullin'' 13a (on Mishnah ''Hullin'' 1:1).</ref>
* Injured ({{transliteration|he|[[terefah]]}})—an animal with a significant defect or injury, such as a fractured bone or particular types of lung adhesions.
* Blood ({{transliteration|he|dam}})—the blood of kosher mammals and fowl is removed through salting, with special procedures for the [[Liver (food)|liver]], which is very rich in blood.
* Particular fats ({{transliteration|he|[[chelev]]}})—particular parts of the abdominal fat of cattle, goats and sheep must be removed by a process called {{transliteration|he|[[nikkur]]}}.
* The twisted nerve ({{transliteration|he|[[gid hanasheh]]}})—the [[sciatic nerve]], as according to Genesis 32:32 the patriarch [[Jacob]]'s was damaged when he fought with an angel, so may not be eaten and is removed by {{transliteration|he|nikkur}}.
* A limb of a living animal ({{transliteration|he|[[Taboo food and drink#Living animals|ever min ha-chai]]}})<ref>{{Tanakhverse|Genesis|9:4}}</ref>—according to Jewish law, God forbade [[Noahide laws|Noah and his descendants]] to consume flesh torn from a live animal. Hence, Jewish law considers this prohibition applicable even to non-Jews,<ref>{{cite book |last=Doron-spalter |first=Pinchos |title=Major Concepts of the Talmud: An Encyclopedic Resource Guide, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kPARAQAAIAAJ |access-date=March 15, 2013 |year=2008 |publisher=[[Targum Press]] |isbn=978-1-56871-465-3 |page=7}}</ref> and therefore, a Jew may not give or sell such meat to a non-Jew.
* Untithed food ({{transliteration|he|tevel}})—produce of the [[Land of Israel]] requires the removal of certain [[tithe]]s, which in ancient times were given to the {{transliteration|he|[[Kohen|kohanim]]}} (priests), [[Levite]]s and the poor ({{transliteration|he|[[Heave offering|terumah]]}}, {{transliteration|he|[[First tithe|maaser rishon]]}} and {{transliteration|he|[[Poor tithe|maasar ani]]}} respectively) or taken to the [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City of Jerusalem]] to be eaten there ({{transliteration|he|[[maaser sheni]]}}).
* Fruit during the first three years ({{transliteration|he|[[orlah]]}})—according to Leviticus 19:23,<ref>{{Tanakhverse|Leviticus|19:23}}</ref> fruit from a tree in the first three years after planting may not be consumed (both in the Land of Israel and the diaspora).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Battegay |first1=Caspar |last2=Lubrich |first2=Naomi |title=Jewish Switzerland: 50 Objects Tell Their Stories |publisher=Christoph Merian |year=2018 |isbn=978-3-85616-847-6 |location=Basel |page=98}}</ref> This applies also to the fruit of the vine—grapes, and wine produced from them.<ref>{{cite book |last=Blech |first=Zushe Yosef |title=Kosher Food Production |date=January 27, 2009 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-0-8138-2093-4}}</ref>
* New grain ({{transliteration|he|[[chadash]]}})<ref>{{Tanakhverse|Leviticus|23:14}}</ref>—the Bible prohibits newly grown grain (planted after [[Passover]] the previous year) until the second day of Passover; there is debate as to whether this law applies to grain grown outside the Land of Israel.
* Wine of libation ({{transliteration|he|[[Kosher wine|yayin nesekh]]}})—wine that may have been dedicated to idolatrous practices.

Biblically prohibited mixtures include:<ref name=Forst/>
* Mixtures of meat and milk<ref name="auto2">{{Tanakhverse|Exodus|23:19}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Tanakhverse|Exodus|34:26}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Tanakhverse|Deuteronomy|14:21}}</ref> ({{transliteration|he|[[Milk and meat in Jewish law|basar be-chalav]]}})—this law derives from the broad interpretation of the commandment not to "cook a kid in its mother's milk";<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/> other non-kosher foods are permitted for non-dietary use (e.g. to be sold to non-Jews), but Jews are forbidden to benefit from mixtures of meat and milk in any way.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1149824/jewish/Meat-Milk.htm |title = Meat & Milk - Parshat Mishpatim}}</ref>
* Different species of plants grown together ({{transliteration|he|[[Kil'ayim (prohibition)|kilayim]]}})—in the Land of Israel different species of plants are to be grown separately and not in close proximity according to Leviticus 19:19 and Deuteronomy 22:9–11.
** A specific subdivision of this law is {{transliteration|he|kil'ei ha-kerem}}, the prohibition of planting any grain or vegetable near a [[grapevine]]; this law applies to Jews throughout the world, and a Jew may not derive benefit from such produce.

Rabbinically prohibited foods include:<ref name=Forst/>

* Non-Jewish milk ({{transliteration|he|[[Cholov Yisroel|chalav akum]]}})—milk that may have an admixture of milk from non-kosher animals (see below for current views on this prohibition).
* Non-Jewish cheese ({{transliteration|he|gevinat akum}})—cheese that may have been produced with non-kosher [[rennet]].
* Non-Jewish wine ({{transliteration|he|stam yeinam}})—wine that while not produced for idolatrous purposes may otherwise have been poured for such a purpose or alternatively when consumed will lead to intermarriage.
* Food cooked by a non-Jew ({{transliteration|he|[[Bishul Yisrael|bishul akum]]}})—this law was enacted for concerns of [[Interfaith marriage in Judaism|intermarriage]]. (Minor)
* Non-Jewish bread ({{transliteration|he|[[Pas Yisroel|pat akum]]}})—this law was enacted for concerns of intermarriage.
* Health risk ({{transliteration|he|sakanah}})—certain foods and mixtures are considered a health risk, such as mixtures of [[fish]] and meat.