Editing Karyotype (section)

===Human chromosome groups===
Based on the karyogram characteristics of size, position of the [[centromere]] and sometimes the presence of a [[chromosomal satellite]] (a segment distal to a [[secondary constriction]]), the human chromosomes are classified into the following groups:<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Erwinsyah |first1=R. |author2=Riandi |last3=Nurjhani |first3=M.|name-list-style=amp|year=2017|title=Relevance of human chromosome analysis activities against mutation concept in genetics course|journal=IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering|volume=180 |page=012285 |doi=10.1088/1757-899x/180/1/012285|s2cid=90739754 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
{|class=wikitable
! Group
! Chromosomes
! Features
|- style="background:lavenderblush"
| '''A'''
| 1–3
| Large, metacentric or submetacentric
|- style="background:honeydew"
| '''B'''
| 4-5
| Large, submetacentric
|- style="background:lightyellow"
| '''C'''
| 6–12, X
| Medium-sized, submetacentric
|- style="background:linen"
| '''D'''
| 13–15
| Medium-sized, acrocentric, with [[satellite chromosome|satellite]]
|- style="background:lightcyan"
| '''E'''
| 16–18
| Small, metacentric or submetacentric
|- style="background:lavender"
| '''F'''
| 19–20
| Very small, metacentric
|- style="background:lavenderblush"
| '''G'''
| 21–22, Y
| Very small, acrocentric (and 21, 22 with [[satellite chromosome|satellite]])
|}

Alternatively, the human genome can be classified as follows, based on pairing, sex differences, as well as location within the [[cell nucleus]] versus inside [[mitochondria]]:
* 22 homologous [[autosomal]] chromosome pairs (chromosomes 1 to 22). [[Homologous chromosome|Homologous]] means that they have the same genes in the same loci, and autosomal means that they are not sex chromomes.
* Two [[sex chromosome]] (in green rectangle at bottom right in the schematic karyogram, with adjacent silhouettes of typical representative [[phenotype]]s): The most common karyotypes for [[females]] contain two [[X chromosome]]s and are denoted 46,XX; [[Male|males]] usually have both an X and a [[Y chromosome]] denoted 46,XY. However, approximately 0.018% percent of humans are [[intersex]], sometimes due to variations in sex chromosomes.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12476264/#:~:text=Applying%20this%20more%20precise%20definition,Sterling%20s%20estimate%20of%201.7%25. |title=How Common is Intersex? |year=2002 |pmid=12476264 |last1=Sax |first1=L. |journal=Journal of Sex Research |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=174–178 |doi=10.1080/00224490209552139 |s2cid=33795209 }}</ref>
* The [[Human mitochondrial genetics|human mitochondrial genome]] (shown at bottom left in the schematic karyogram, to scale compared to the nuclear DNA in terms of [[base pair]]s), although this is not included in micrographic karyograms in clinical practice. Its genome is relatively tiny compared to the rest.