Editing Karachi (section)

===British control===

[[File:A street in Old Town, Karachi, India. Photograph, 1897. Wellcome V0029261.jpg|thumb|An 1897 image of Karachi's Rampart Row street in [[Mithadar]]]]
[[File:Mules_Mansion_01.jpg|thumb|Mules Mansion]]
[[File:Frere Hall Karachi. Pakistan.jpg|thumb|Some of Karachi's most recognized structures, such as [[Frere Hall]], date from the [[British Raj]].]]
[[File:Karachi Municipal Corporation (KMC) Head Office at M.A Jinnah Road - Photo By Aliraza Khatri.jpg|alt=|thumb|Karachi features several examples of colonial-era [[Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture|Indo-Saracenic architecture]], such as the [[Karachi Municipal Corporation Building|KMC Building]].]]

The [[British East India Company]] captured Karachi on 3{{nbsp}}February 1839 after {{HMS|Wellesley|1815|6}} opened fire and quickly destroyed [[Manora Fort, Karachi|Manora Fort]], which guarded Karachi Harbour at [[Manora, Karachi|Manora Point]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Recollections of Four Years' Service in the East with H.M. Fortieth Regiment |last=Neill |first=John Martin Bladen |year=1846 |url=https://archive.org/details/recollectionsoff00neilrich |access-date=27 November 2009}}</ref> Karachi's population at the time was an estimated 8,000 to 14,000,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baillie |first=Alexander Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7tIwAQAAMAAJ&q=denso+hall+sandstone+1886+rupees |title=Kurrachee: (Karachi) Past, Present and Future |date=1890 |publisher=Thacker, Spink |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204063154/https://books.google.com/books?id=7tIwAQAAMAAJ&q=denso+hall+sandstone+1886+rupees#v=onepage&q=denso%20hall%20sandstone%201886%20rupees&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> and was confined to the walled city in [[Mithadar]], with suburbs in what is now the [[Serai Quarter]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/826915/preserving-cultural-assets |title=Preserving cultural assets |date=10 February 2008 |website=Dawn |location=Pakistan |access-date=13 April 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803014019/http://beta.dawn.com/news/826915/preserving-cultural-assets |url-status=live }}</ref> British troops, known as the "Company Bahadur" established a camp to the east of the captured city, which became the precursor to the modern [[Karachi Cantonment]]. The British further developed the [[Karachi Cantonment]] as a military garrison to aid the British war effort in the [[First Anglo-Afghan War]].<ref name="Oxford University Press" />

The [[Old Goa|Portuguese Goan]] community started migrating to Karachi in the 1820s as traders. The majority of the estimated 100,000 who came to [[Pakistan]] are primarily concentrated in Karachi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2022 |title=Celebrating Karachi's Goan connection {{!}} The Express Tribune |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2352894/celebrating-karachis-goan-connection |access-date=24 April 2022 |website=tribune.com.pk |archive-date=10 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510114007/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2352894/celebrating-karachis-goan-connection |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sindh's capital was shifted from [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]] to Karachi in 1840 when Karachi was annexed to the [[British Empire]] after Major General [[Charles James Napier]] captured the rest of Sindh following his victory against the [[Talpur dynasty|Talpurs]] at the [[Battle of Miani]]. Following the 1843 annexation, on 17 February the entire province was amalgamated into the [[Bombay Presidency]] for the next 93 years, and Karachi remain the divisional headquarter. A few years later in 1846, Karachi suffered a large [[cholera]] outbreak, which led to the establishment of the Karachi Cholera Board (predecessor to the city's civic government).<ref name="shehri.org-2018">{{Cite book |url=https://shehri.org/publications_html/2018%20-%20Local%20&%20City%20Govt.pdf |title=LOCAL AND CITY GOVERNMENT HANDBOOK – PROVINCE OF SINDH AND KARACHI CITY |year=2018 |editor-last=Anwar |editor-first=Farhan |location=Karachi |publisher=Shehri - Citizens for a Better Environment |isbn=978-969-9491-14-6 |access-date=6 April 2020 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802200751/http://shehri.org/img/Local%20%26%20City%20Govt%20FINAL%20File.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The city grew under the administration of its new Commissioner, [[Henry Bartle Edward Frere]], who was appointed in the 1850s. Karachi was recognized for its strategic importance, prompting the British to establish the [[Port of Karachi]] in 1854. Karachi rapidly became a transportation hub for British India owing to newly built port and rail infrastructure, as well as the increase in agricultural exports from the opening of productive tracts of newly irrigated land in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] and [[Sindh]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Blood |first1=Peter R. |title=Pakistan: A Country Study |date=1996 |publisher=DIANE Publishing |isbn=978-0-7881-3631-3 |page=96}}</ref> By 1856, the value of goods traded through Karachi reached £855,103, leading to the establishment of merchant offices and warehouses.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bowden |first=Rob |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=prF_ZLZKtggC&q=%22Indus+steam+flotilla%22+%22orient+inland%22&pg=PA35 |title=Settlements of the Indus River |date=2005 |publisher=Capstone Classroom |isbn=978-1-4034-5723-3 |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204063056/https://books.google.com/books?id=prF_ZLZKtggC&q=%22Indus+steam+flotilla%22+%22orient+inland%22&pg=PA35#v=snippet&q=%22Indus%20steam%20flotilla%22%20%22orient%20inland%22&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The population in 1856 is estimated to have been 57,000.<ref name="Heitzman-2008">{{Cite book |last=Heitzman |first=James |url=https://archive.org/details/cityinsouthasia0000heit |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/cityinsouthasia0000heit/page/129 129] |title=The City in South Asia |date=31 March 2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-28963-9 }}</ref> During the [[Sepoy Mutiny]] of 1857, the 21st Native Infantry, then stationed in Karachi, mutinied and declared allegiance to rebel forces in September 1857, though the British were able to quickly defeat the rebels and reassert control over the city.

Following the Rebellion, British colonial administrators continued to develop the city's infrastructure, but continued to neglect localities like [[Lyari]], which was home to the city's original population of Sindhi fishermen and Balochi nomads.<ref name="Narayanan-2015">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=Yamini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwUBCwAAQBAJ&q=post+partition+karachi&pg=PT242 |title=Religion and Urbanism: Reconceptualising sustainable cities for South Asia |date=19 November 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-75541-8 |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204063159/https://books.google.com/books?id=dwUBCwAAQBAJ&q=post+partition+karachi&pg=PT242#v=snippet&q=post%20partition%20karachi&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> At the outbreak of the [[American Civil War]], Karachi's port became an important cotton-exporting port,<ref name="Heitzman-2008" /> with ''Indus Steam Flotilla'' and ''Orient Inland Steam Navigation Company'' established to transport cotton from rest of Sindh to Karachi's port, and onwards to textile mills in England.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Clarke |first=S. H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iew2AQAAMAAJ&q=Indus+steam+flotilla&pg=PA41 |title=The Scinde Railway and Indus Flotilla Companies: Their Futility and Hollowness Demonstrated, Also an Exposure of the Delusion which Exists Respecting the Five Per Cent Guarantee, which Insures No Dividend Whatever to the Respective Shareholders |date=1858 |publisher=Richardson Brothers |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204063212/https://books.google.com/books?id=iew2AQAAMAAJ&q=Indus+steam+flotilla&pg=PA41#v=snippet&q=Indus%20steam%20flotilla&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> With increased economic opportunities, economic migrants from several ethnicities and religions, including Anglo-British, [[Parsis]], [[Marathi people|Marathis]], and [[Christianity in Goa|Goan Christians]], among others, established themselves in Karachi,<ref name="Heitzman-2008" /> with many setting-up businesses in the new commercial district of [[Saddar]]. [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the founder of Pakistan, was born in Karachi's [[Wazir Mansion (Karachi)|Wazir Mansion]] in 1876 to such migrants from [[Gujarat]]. Public building works were undertaken at this time in [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic]] and [[Indo-Saracenic architecture|Indo-Saracenic]] styles, including the construction of [[Frere Hall]] in 1865 and the later [[Empress Market]] in 1889.

With the completion of the [[Suez Canal]] in 1869, Karachi's position as a major port increased even further.<ref name="Heitzman-2008" /> In 1878, the British Raj connected Karachi with the network of [[British Raj#Railways|British India's vast railway system]]. In 1887, [[Karachi Port]] underwent radical improvements with connection to the railways, along with expansion and dredging of the port, and construction of a breakwater.<ref name="Heitzman-2008" /> [[Magain Shalome Synagogue|Karachi's first synagogue]] was established in 1893.<ref>{{cite book |title=Studies on Karachi: Papers Presented at the Karachi Conference 2013 |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-8450-1 |editor1-last=Askari |editor1-first=Sabiah |pages=325}}</ref> By 1899, Karachi had become the largest wheat-exporting port in the East.<ref>[Herbert Feldman [1970]: ''Karachi Through a Hundred Years: The Centenary History of the Karachi Chamber of Commerce and Industry 1860–1960''. 2. ed. Karachi: Oxford University Press (1960).]</ref> In 1901, Karachi's population was 117,000 with a further 109,000 included in the [[Karachi Municipal Committee|Municipal area.]]<ref name="Heitzman-2008" />

Under the British, the [[Karachi Municipal Committee|city's municipal government]] was established. Known as the ''Father of Modern Karachi'', mayor [[Seth Harchandrai Vishandas]] led the municipal government to improve sanitary conditions in the Old City, as well as major infrastructure works in the New Town after his election in 1911.<ref name="Paracha-2014" />{{Failed verification|date=November 2024}} In 1914, Karachi had become the largest wheat-exporting port of the entire British Empire,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UgMeAQAAMAAJ&q=karachi+1914+largest+port |title=Ansari's Trade & Industrial Directory of Pakistan |publisher=Ansari Publishing House. |access-date=28 August 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204063604/https://books.google.com/books?id=UgMeAQAAMAAJ&q=karachi+1914+largest+port |url-status=live }}</ref> after large irrigation works in [[Sindh]] were initiated to increase wheat and cotton yields.<ref name="Heitzman-2008" /> By 1924, the ''Drigh Road Aerodrome'' was established,<ref name="Heitzman-2008" /> now the [[PAF Base Faisal|Faisal Air Force Base]].

Karachi's increasing importance as a cosmopolitan transportation hub leads to the influence of non-Sindhis in Sindh's administration. Half the city was born outside of Karachi by as early as 1921.<ref name="Gayer-2014a">{{Cite book |last=Gayer |first=Laurent |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L0BeBAAAQBAJ&q=post+partition+karachi&pg=PA23 |title=Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City |date=1 July 2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-023806-3 }}</ref> Native Sindhis were upset by this influence,<ref name="Heitzman-2008" /> and so on 1 April 1936, Sindh was established as a province separate from the Bombay Presidency with Karachi was once again made capital of Sindh. In 1941, the population of the city had risen to 387,000.<ref name="Heitzman-2008" />