Editing Kabul (section)

===Islamisation and Mongol invasion===
{{Further|Islamic conquest of Afghanistan}}
[[File:Ancient Khorasan highlighted.jpg|thumb|Map showing names of the regions during the 7th century.]]
The [[Islamic conquest of Afghanistan|Islamic conquest]] reached modern-day Afghanistan in 642&nbsp;AD, at a time when Kabul was independent.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ariana antiqua: a descriptive account of the antiquities and coins of|last1=Wilson|first1=Horace Hayman|year=1998|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-1189-4|page=133|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s_K_gcxHz5YC&pg=PA133|access-date=18 September 2010|archive-date=3 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503084943/https://books.google.com/books?id=s_K_gcxHz5YC&pg=PA133|url-status=live}}</ref> Until then, Kabul was considered politically and culturally part of the Indian world.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bosworth|first=Clifford Edmund|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8YmAQAAMAAJ&q=The+Ghaznavids,+their+empire+in+Afghanistan+and+Eastern+Iran+994%E2%80%931040,|title=The Ghaznavids: Their Empire in Afghanistan and Eastern Iran, 994 : 1040|date=1973|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|isbn=978-1-01-499132-4|pages=43|language=en|access-date=5 April 2023|archive-date=13 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513042227/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8YmAQAAMAAJ&q=The+Ghaznavids,+their+empire+in+Afghanistan+and+Eastern+Iran+994%E2%80%931040,|url-status=live}}</ref> A number of failed expeditions were made to [[Islamisation|Islamise]] the region. In one of them, [[Abdur Rahman bin Samara]] arrived in Kabul from [[Zaranj]] in the late 600s and converted 12,000 inhabitants to [[Islam]] before abandoning the city. [[Muslim]]s were a minority until [[Ya'qub bin Laith as-Saffar]] of Zaranj conquered Kabul in 870 from the [[Hindu Shahis]] and established the first [[Saffarid dynasty|Islamic dynasty]] in the region. It was reported that the rulers of Kabul were [[Muslim]]s with non-Muslims living close by. Iranian traveller and geographer [[Istakhri]] described it in 921:

{{blockquote|Kábul has a castle celebrated for its strength, accessible only by one road. In it there are [[Muslim|Musulmáns]], and it has a town, in which are [[Kalasha (religion)|infidels]] from [[Hindustan|Hind]].<ref name="Elliot-3">{{cite web|url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=80201012&ct=100|title=A.—The Hindu Kings of Kábul (p.3)|work=Sir H. M. Elliot|publisher=[[Packard Humanities Institute]]|location=London|date=1867–1877|access-date=2010-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726133107/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=80201012&ct=100|archive-date=2013-07-26|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}

Over the following centuries, the city was successively controlled by the [[Samanids]], [[Ghaznavids]], [[Ghurids]], [[Khwarazmian Empire|Khwarazmshahs]], [[Qarlughids]], and [[Khalji dynasty|Khaljis]]. In the 13th century, the invading [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] caused major destruction in the region. Report of a [[massacre]] in the close by [[Bamiyan]] is recorded around this period, where the entire population of the valley was annihilated by the Mongol troops as revenge for the death of Genghis Khan's grandson. As a result, many natives of Afghanistan fled south toward the Indian subcontinent where some established [[Delhi Sultanate|dynasties in Delhi]]. The [[Chagatai Khanate]] and [[Kartids]] were vassals of [[Ilkhanate]] until the dissolution of the latter in 1335.

Following the era of the Khalji dynasty in 1333, the famous [[Morocco|Moroccan]] scholar [[Ibn Battuta]] was visiting Kabul and wrote:
{{blockquote|We travelled on to Kabul, formerly a vast town, the site of which is now occupied by a village inhabited by a tribe of Persians called Afghans. They hold mountains and defiles and possess considerable strength, and are mostly highwaymen. Their principal mountain is called [[Sulaiman Mountains|Kuh Sulayman]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325–1354|last1=Ibn Battuta|edition=reprint, illustrated|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-34473-5|page=180|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zKqn_CWTxYEC&pg=PA180|access-date=2010-09-10|archive-date=2017-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416132656/https://books.google.com/books?id=zKqn_CWTxYEC&pg=PA180|url-status=live}}</ref>}}