Editing Jutes (section)

==Homeland and historical accounts==
[[File:Anglo-Saxon Homelands and Settlements.svg|left|thumb|300px|The early migrations of Germanic peoples from coastal regions of northern Europe to areas of modern-day England. The settlement regions correspond roughly to later dialect divisions of Old English.]]

Although historians are confident of where the Jutes settled in England, they are divided on where they actually came from.{{efn|The historian Barbara Yorke, suggests that the Jutish identity may have originated in England, rather than in a specific, identifiable community in continental Europe.{{sfn|BBC|2008}}}}{{sfn|Martin|1971|pp=83–104}}

The chroniclers, [[Procopius]], [[Constantius of Lyon]], [[Gildas]], Bede, [[Nennius]], and also the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'', [[Alfred the Great]] and [[Asser]] provide the names of tribes who settled Britain during the mid-fifth century, and in their combined testimony, the four tribes mentioned are the ''[[Angles (tribe)|Angli]]'', ''[[Saxons|Saxones]]'', ''Iutae'' and ''[[Frisii]]''.{{efn|English: [[Angles (tribe)|Angles]], [[Saxons]], Jutes, [[Frisians]].}}{{sfn|Martin|1971|pp=83–104}}

The Roman historian [[Tacitus]] refers to a people called the ''Eudoses,''{{sfn|Tacitus|1876|loc=Ch. XL}} a tribe who possibly developed into the Jutes.{{sfn|Martin|1971|pp=83–104}}

The Jutes have also been identified with the ''Eotenas'' (''ēotenas'') involved in the Frisian conflict with the [[Danes (Germanic tribe)|Danes]] as described in the [[Finnesburg Fragment|Finnesburg episode]] in the Old English poem ''[[Beowulf]]''.{{sfn|Stuhmiller|1999|pp=7–14}} [[Theudebert]], king of the Franks, wrote to the Emperor [[Justinian]] and in the letter claimed that he had lordship over a nation called the ''Saxones Eucii''. The Eucii are thought to have been Jutes and may have been the same as a little-documented tribe called the ''Euthiones''.{{sfn|Stenton|1971|p=14}} The Euthiones are mentioned in a poem by [[Venantius Fortunatus]] (583) as being under the suzerainty of [[Chilperic I]] of the Franks. The Euthiones were located somewhere in northern [[Francia]], modern day [[Flanders]], an area of the European mainland opposite to Kent.{{sfn|Stenton|1971|p=14}}{{sfn| Kane|2019|p=441}}

Bede inferred that the Jutish homeland was on the Jutland peninsula. However, analysis of grave goods of the time have provided a link between East Kent, south Hampshire and the Isle of Wight, but little evidence of any link with Jutland.{{sfn|Lavelle|Stoodley|2020|page=70-94}} There is evidence that the Jutes who migrated to England came from northern Francia or from Frisia.{{sfn|Martin|1971|pages= 83–104}} Historians have posited that Jutland was the homeland of the Jutes, but when the Danes invaded the Jutland Peninsula in about AD 200, some of the Jutes would have been absorbed by the Danish culture and others may have migrated to northern Francia and Frisia. In Scandinavian sources from the Middle Ages, the Jutes are only sporadically mentioned, now as subgroup of the Danes.{{sfn|Martin|1971|pages= 83–104}}

There is a [[Geats#Identity of the Gēatas|hypothesis]], suggested by Pontus Fahlbeck in 1884, that the [[Geats]] were Jutes. According to this hypothesis the Geats resided in southern Sweden and also in Jutland (where Beowulf would have lived).{{efn|The hypothesis resulted in a debate that lasted for over 50 years. However, the current consensus is that Fahlbeck was wrong.{{sfn|Rix|2015|pp=197–199}}{{sfn|Niles|Bjork|1997|pp=213–214}}}}{{sfn|Niles|2007|p=135}}

The evidence adduced for this hypothesis includes:
* Primary sources referring to the Geats (''Geátas'') by alternative names such as ''Iútan'', ''Iótas'', and ''Eotas''.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|loc=[[s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/English Language|English Language]]}}
* [[Asser]] in his ''Life of Alfred'' (Chapter 2) identifies the Jutes with the Goths{{efn|Keynes and Lapidge posited that Asser incorrectly suggested that the Goths were ethnically the same as the Jutes, when in fact they were not. The ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' described the Jutes as ''Iotum'' or ''Iutum'' (dative plural) and ''Iutna cyn'' ('people of the Jutes') whereas the Old English translation of Bede’s Ecclesiastical History the Latin  ''Iutis'' is rendered as ''Gēatas''  (or "Geats" – the Scandinavian people to whom Beowulf was said to belong) rather than ''Ēote'' "Jutes".{{sfn|Keynes|Lapidge|1983|pages=229–230 n.8}}}} (in a passage claiming that [[Alfred the Great]] was descended, through his mother, [[Osburga]], from the ruling dynasty of the Jutish kingdom of [[Wihtwara]], on the Isle of Wight).{{sfn|Keynes|Lapidge|1983|loc=p. 68 Ch 2}}
* The [[Gutasaga]] is a saga that charts the history of Gotland prior to Christianity. It is an appendix to the ''[[Gutalagen|Guta Lag]]'' (Gotland law) written in the thirteenth or fourteenth century. It says that some inhabitants of [[Gotland]] left for [[Continental Europe|mainland Europe]]. Large burial sites attributable to either Goths or [[Gepids]] were found in the 19th century near Willenberg, Prussia.{{efn|Willenberg became [[Wielbark, Pomeranian Voivodeship|Wielbark]] in Poland, after 1945.{{sfn|Andrzejowski|2019|pp=227–239}}}}{{sfn|Andrzejowski|2019|pp=227–239}}

However, the tribal names possibly were confused in the above sources in both ''Beowulf'' (8th–11th centuries) and ''[[Widsith]]'' (late 7th – 10th century). The ''Eoten'' (in the [[Finn (Frisian)|Finn]] passage) are clearly distinguished from the ''Geatas''.{{sfn|Chambers|1912|pp=231–241}}{{sfn|Rix|2015|pp=197–199}}
{{clear}}

The [[Finland|Finnish]] surname ''[[Juutilainen]]'', which comes from the word "juutti", is speculated by some to have had a connection to Jutland or the Jutes.{{sfn| Vilkuna|1988|loc=Juutilainen}}

===Possible synonymy with the Frisians===
While there is no definitive proof that the [[Frisians]] and Jutes were the same people, there is compelling evidence suggesting that they were either a single group known by different names or closely related tribes with overlapping territories, cultures, and identities. The fluidity of ethnic designations during the Migration Period makes it plausible that the distinction between "Frisians" and "Jutes" was more of a practical simplification by later chroniclers than a strict ethnic separation. In several Old English and early medieval sources, such as the [[Finnsburg Fragment]] and the [[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]], the terms "Frisians" and "Jutes" appear to be used interchangeably. This suggests that, at least from the perspective of the authors of these texts, the two groups were not clearly distinguishable culturally or ethnically.{{sfn|Vickrey|2009|pages= 43–53}}

Moreover, archaeological findings point to strong cultural similarities between the two groups, as burial practices, material goods (such as weapons, pottery, and jewelry), and settlement patterns in Jutland and Frisian territories show remarkable parallels.{{sfn|Taayke|1997|pages=163–208}}

In the field of linguistics, the linguist [[Elmar Seebold]] argued that the relatively sharp linguistic boundary between Frisian and [[Dutch language|Dutch]] is attributable to migrants from Jutland, with the Jutes simultaneously leaving behind a sharp linguistic boundary between West Germanic and North Germanic in Denmark.{{sfn|Seebold|2003|pages=24–34}}
{{Gallery
|title=Evolution of North Sea Germanic according to Seebold:{{sfn|Seebold|2003|pages=24–34}}
|width=325 | height=325
|align=center
|footer=
|File:Evolution of North Sea Germanic (according to Seebold) Initial Saxon migration.png
 | {{legend|lightblue|Position of North Sea Germanic dialects before the migration period (3rd century CE).}} {{legend|black|Migration of the Saxons from the territory of the Angles (A.).}}{{legend|darkorange|Migration of Weser Rhine Germanic speakers towards the Roman limes (1.), southward migration of Elbe Germanic speakers (2.).}}
|File:Evolution of North Sea Germanic (according to Seebold) Frisian and Anglo-Saxon migrations.png
 |{{legend|lightblue|Position of North Sea Germanic dialects during the 5th and 6th century.}} {{legend|black|Migration of North Germanic speakers (including the Saxon elite) to England (A.) and Frisia (B.)}}{{legend|darkorange|Migration of Weser Rhine Germanic speakers (1.), migration of West Slavic speakers (2.), migration of North Germanic speakers (3.).}}
|File:The emergence of the modern Anglo-Frisian languages.png | {{legend|lightblue|Position of North Sea Germanic dialects (Old English & Old Frisian) directly following the migration period.}} {{legend|darkorange|Linguistic expansion of [[Old Frankish]] (1.) and [[Old Low German]] (2.).}}{{legend|black|10th/11th century migration of (Ems) Frisian speakers to the North German mainland (A.)}}
}}

===Language and writing===
{{see also|Anglo-Frisian languages}}
The [[runes|runic alphabet]] is thought to have originated in the Germanic homelands that were in contact with the Roman Empire, and as such was a response to the Latin alphabet. In fact some of the runes emulated their Latin counterpart. The runic alphabet crossed the sea with the Anglo-Saxons and there have been examples, of its use, found in Kent.{{sfn|Haigh|1872|pp=164–270}}{{sfn|Charles-Edwards|2003|p=193}} As the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were evangelised the script of the [[Latin alphabet]] was introduced by [[Hiberno-Scottish mission|Irish Christian missionaries]]. However, they ran into problems when they were unable to find a Latin equivalent to some of the Anglo-Saxon phonetics. They overcame this by modifying the Latin alphabet to include some runic characters. This became the [[Old English Latin alphabet]]. The runic characters were eventually replaced by Latin characters by the end of the 14th century.{{sfn|Charles-Edwards|2003|p=193}}{{sfn|Crystal|1987|p=203}}

{|class="wikitable" style="border-collapse:collapse;"
|-
! colspan="36" | [[Capital letters|Majuscule forms]] (also called uppercase or capital letters)
|-
|width=3% align="center"|[[A]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Æ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[B]]||width=3% align="center"|[[C]]||width=3% align="center"|[[D]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Eth|Ð]]||width=3% align="center"|[[E]]||width=3% align="center"|[[F]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Insular G|Ᵹ]]/[[G]]||width=3% align="center"|[[H]]||width=3% align="center"|[[I]]||width=3% align="center"|[[L]]||width=3% align="center"|[[M]]||width=3% align="center"|[[N]]||width=3% align="center"|[[O]]||width=3% align="center"|[[P]]||width=3% align="center"|[[R]]||width=3% align="center"|[[S]]||width=3% align="center"|[[T]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Thorn (letter)|Þ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[U]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Wynn|Ƿ]]/[[W]]||width=3% align="center"|[[X]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Y]]
|-
! colspan="36" | [[Lower case|Minuscule forms]] (also called lowercase or small letters)
|-
|width=3% align="center"|[[a]]||width=3% align="center"|[[æ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[b]]||width=3% align="center"|[[c]]||width=3% align="center"|[[d]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Eth|ð]]||width=3% align="center"|[[e]]||width=3% align="center"|[[f]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Insular G|ᵹ]]/[[g]]||width=3% align="center"|[[h]]||width=3% align="center"|[[i]]||width=3% align="center"|[[l]]||width=3% align="center"|[[m]]||width=3% align="center"|[[n]]||width=3% align="center"|[[o]]||width=3% align="center"|[[p]]||width=3% align="center"|[[r]]||width=3% align="center"|[[s]]/[[Long s|ſ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[t]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Thorn (letter)|þ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[u]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Wynn|ƿ]]/[[w]]||width=3% align="center"|[[x]]||width=3% align="center"|[[y]]
|}

The language that the Anglo-Saxon settlers spoke is known as [[Old English]]. There are four main dialectal forms, namely [[Mercian (Old English)|Mercian]], [[Northumbrian (Old English)|Northumbrian]], [[West Saxon (Old English)|West Saxon]] and [[Kentish (Old English)|Kentish]].{{sfn|Campbell|1959|p=4}} Based on Bede's description of where the Jutes settled, Kentish was spoken in what are now the modern-day counties of [[Kent]], [[Surrey]], southern [[Hampshire]] and the [[Isle of Wight]].{{sfn|Bede|1910|loc=2.5}} However, historians are divided on what dialect it would have been and where it originated from. {{sfn|Derolez|1974|pp=1–14}} The Jutish peninsula has been seen by historians as a pivotal region between the [[North Germanic languages|Northern]] and the [[West Germanic languages|Western Germanic dialects]]. It has not been possible to prove whether Jutish has always been a Scandinavian dialect which later became heavily influenced by West Germanic dialects, or whether Jutland was originally part of the West Germanic [[dialectal continuum]].{{sfn|Braunmüller|2013|pp=52–72}} An analysis of the Kentish dialect by linguists indicates that there was a similarity between Kentish and Frisian. Whether the two can be classed as the same dialect or whether Kentish was a version of Jutish, heavily influenced by Frisian and other dialects, is open to conjecture.{{sfn|Derolez|1974|pp=1–14}}{{sfn|DeCamp|1958|pp= 232–244}}