Editing Jupiter (section)

=== Size and mass ===
{{Main|Jupiter mass}}
[[File:Jupiter size.png|alt=Refer to caption|thumb|Size of Jupiter compared to Earth and Earth's Moon]]

Jupiter is about eleven times wider than the Earth ({{val|11.209|ul=R_Earth}}); while its mass is 318 times that of Earth<ref name="fact"/> which is 2.5 times the mass of all the other planets in the Solar System combined. It is so massive that its [[barycentre]] with the Sun lies above the [[Photosphere|Sun's surface]] at 1.068&nbsp;[[solar radius|solar radii]] from the Sun's centre.<ref>{{cite book |last=MacDougal |first=Douglas W. |title=Newton's Gravity |url=https://archive.org/details/newtonsgravityin00macd |url-access=limited |year=2012 |publisher=Springer New York |isbn=978-1-4614-5443-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/newtonsgravityin00macd/page/n208 193]–211 |language=en |chapter=A Binary System Close to Home: How the Moon and Earth Orbit Each Other |quote=the barycentre is 743,000&nbsp;km from the centre of the Sun. The Sun's radius is 696,000&nbsp;km, so it is 47,000&nbsp;km above the surface.|doi=10.1007/978-1-4614-5444-1_10 |series=Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics }}</ref><ref name="burgess">{{cite book |first=Eric |last=Burgess |date=1982 |title=By Jupiter: Odysseys to a Giant |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-05176-7}}</ref> Jupiter's radius is about one tenth the radius of the Sun ({{val|0.10276|ul=R_Solar}}),<ref name="shu82">{{cite book |first=Frank H. |last=Shu |date=1982 |title=The physical universe: an introduction to astronomy |page=[https://archive.org/details/physicaluniverse00shuf/page/426 426] |series=Series of books in astronomy |edition=12th |publisher=University Science Books |isbn=978-0-935702-05-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/physicaluniverse00shuf/page/426 }}</ref> and its mass is one thousandth the [[Solar mass|mass of the Sun]], of which the densities of the two bodies are similar.<ref name="davis_turekian05">{{cite book | last1=Davis | first1=Andrew M. | last2=Turekian | first2=Karl K. | title=Meteorites, comets, and planets | volume=1 | series=Treatise on geochemistry | publisher=Elsevier | date=2005 | isbn=978-0-08-044720-9 | page=624}}</ref> A "[[Jupiter mass]]" ({{Jupiter mass}} or {{Jupiter mass|Jup=y}}) is used as a unit to describe masses of other objects, particularly [[extrasolar planet]]s and [[brown dwarf]]s. For example, the extrasolar planet [[HD 209458 b]] has a mass of {{Jupiter mass|0.69}}, while the brown dwarf [[Gliese 229 b]] has a mass of {{Jupiter mass|60.4}}.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://exoplanet.eu/home/ |title=The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopedia: Interactive Catalogue |first=Jean |last=Schneider |year=2009 |access-date=August 9, 2014 |archive-date=October 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028155019/https://exoplanet.eu/home/ |encyclopedia=[[Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia]] |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Feng2022">{{cite journal |last1=Feng |first1=Fabo |last2=Butler |first2=R. Paul |display-authors=etal |date=August 2022 |title=3D Selection of 167 Substellar Companions to Nearby Stars |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series]] |volume=262 |issue=21 |page=21 |doi=10.3847/1538-4365/ac7e57 |arxiv=2208.12720 |bibcode=2022ApJS..262...21F|s2cid=251864022 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Theoretical models indicate that if Jupiter had over 40% more mass, the interior would be so compressed that its volume would ''decrease'' despite the increasing amount of matter. For smaller changes in its mass, the [[radius]] would not change appreciably.<ref name="Seager2007">{{cite journal | last1=Seager | first1=S. | last2=Kuchner | first2=M. | last3=Hier-Majumder | first3=C. A. | last4=Militzer | first4=B. | title=Mass-Radius Relationships for Solid Exoplanets | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=669 | issue=2 | pages=1279–1297 | year=2007 | doi=10.1086/521346 | arxiv=0707.2895 | bibcode=2007ApJ...669.1279S | s2cid=8369390 }}</ref> As a result, Jupiter is thought to have about as large a diameter as a planet of its composition and evolutionary history can achieve.<ref name="HTUW">{{cite AV media | title=How the Universe Works 3 | volume=Jupiter: Destroyer or Savior? |year=2014 | publisher=Discovery Channel}}</ref> The process of further shrinkage with increasing mass would continue until appreciable [[stellar ignition]] was achieved.<ref name="tristan286">{{cite journal
 | last=Guillot | first=Tristan
 | title=Interiors of Giant Planets Inside and Outside the Solar System
 | journal=Science
 | year=1999 | volume=286 | issue=5437 | pages=72–77
 | doi=10.1126/science.286.5437.72 | pmid=10506563
 | bibcode=1999Sci...286...72G | access-date=April 24, 2022
| url=http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/classes/ge131/notes/guillot.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/classes/ge131/notes/guillot.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live
}}</ref> Although Jupiter would need to be about 75 times more massive to [[hydrogen fusion|fuse hydrogen]] and become a [[star]],<ref>{{cite journal | title=The theory of brown dwarfs and extrasolar giant planets | last1=Burrows | first1=Adam | last2=Hubbard | first2=W. B. | last3=Lunine | first3=J. I. | last4=Liebert | first4=James | journal=Reviews of Modern Physics | volume=73 | issue=3 | pages=719–765 | date=July 2001 | doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.73.719 | arxiv=astro-ph/0103383 | bibcode=2001RvMP...73..719B | s2cid=204927572 | quote=Hence the HBMM at solar metallicity and Y<sub>α</sub> = 50.25 is 0.07 – 0.074 {{solar mass}}, ... while the HBMM at zero metallicity is 0.092 {{solar mass}} }}</ref> its diameter is sufficient as the smallest [[red dwarf]] may be slightly larger in radius than Saturn.<ref>{{cite journal
 | title=The EBLM project. III. A Saturn-size low-mass star at the hydrogen-burning limit
 | last1=von Boetticher | first1=Alexander | last2=Triaud | first2=Amaury H. M. J.
 | last3=Queloz | first3=Didier | last4=Gill | first4=Sam
 | last5=Lendl | first5=Monika | last6=Delrez | first6=Laetitia
 | last7=Anderson | first7=David R. | last8=Collier Cameron | first8=Andrew
 | last9=Faedi | first9=Francesca | last10=Gillon | first10=Michaël
 | last11=Gómez Maqueo Chew | first11=Yilen | last12=Hebb | first12=Leslie
 | last13=Hellier | first13=Coel | last14=Jehin | first14=Emmanuël
 | last15=Maxted | first15=Pierre F. L. | last16=Martin | first16=David V.
 | last17=Pepe | first17=Francesco | last18=Pollacco | first18=Don
 | last19=Ségransan | first19=Damien | last20=Smalley | first20=Barry
 | last21=Udry | first21=Stéphane | last22=West | first22=Richard
 | journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics | volume=604 | id=L6 | pages=6
 | date=August 2017 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201731107
 | arxiv=1706.08781 | bibcode=2017A&A...604L...6V | s2cid=54610182 }}</ref>

Jupiter radiates more heat than it receives through solar radiation, due to the [[Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism]] within its contracting interior.<ref name="elkins-tanton">{{cite book
 | first=Linda T. | last=Elkins-Tanton |date=2011
 | title=Jupiter and Saturn | publisher=Chelsea House
 | location=New York | isbn=978-0-8160-7698-7 | edition=revised
}}</ref>{{rp|30}}<ref>{{cite book
 | title=Giant Planets of Our Solar System: Atmospheres, Composition, and Structure
 | first=Patrick
 | last=Irwin
 | date=2003
 | page=62
 | isbn=978-3-540-00681-7
 | publisher=Springer Science & Business Media
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p8wCsJweUb0C&pg=PA62
 | access-date=April 23, 2022
| archive-date=June 19, 2024
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619015914/https://books.google.com/books?id=p8wCsJweUb0C&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false
 | url-status=live
 }}</ref> This process causes Jupiter to shrink by about {{cvt|1|mm}} per year.<ref>{{cite book | title = Giant Planets of Our Solar System: Atmospheres, Composition, and Structure | first = Patrick G. J. | last = Irwin | publisher = Springer | orig-year = 2003 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=p8wCsJweUb0C&q=%22kelvin+helmholtz+mechanism%22&pg=PA63 | edition = Second | year = 2009 | page = 4 | quote = the radius of Jupiter is estimated to be currently shrinking by approximately 1&nbsp;mm/yr | isbn = 978-3-642-09888-8 | access-date = March 6, 2021 | archive-date = June 19, 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240619015915/https://books.google.com/books?id=p8wCsJweUb0C&q=%22kelvin+helmholtz+mechanism%22&pg=PA63#v=snippet&q=%22kelvin%20helmholtz%20mechanism%22&f=false | url-status = live }}.</ref><ref name="guillot04">{{cite book | editor1-last=Bagenal | editor1-first=Fran | editor2-last=Dowling | editor2-first=Timothy E. | editor3-last=McKinnon | editor3-first=William B. | last1=Guillot | first1=Tristan | last2=Stevenson | first2=David J. | last3=Hubbard | first3=William B. | last4=Saumon | first4=Didier | date=2004 | title=Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere | chapter=Chapter 3: The Interior of Jupiter | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | isbn=978-0-521-81808-7 }}</ref> At the time of its formation, Jupiter was hotter and was about twice its current diameter.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bodenheimer |first=P. |title=Calculations of the early evolution of Jupiter |series=23 |journal=Icarus |year=1974 |issue=3 |volume=23 |pages=319–325 |bibcode=1974Icar...23..319B |doi=10.1016/0019-1035(74)90050-5}}</ref>