Editing Julius Caesar Scaliger (section)

==Works==
In 1531 he printed his first oration against [[Erasmus]], in defence of [[Cicero]] and the [[Ciceronians]] (''Oratio pro Cicerone contra Erasmum'', Paris 1531), dismissing Erasmus as a literary parasite, a mere corrector of texts.{{sfn|Christie|Sandys|1911|p=283}} It is notable for its vigorous invective and, like his subsequent writings, its excellent [[Latin language|Latin]]. It has been said of it, however, that it misses the point of his opponent's treatise ''[[Ciceronianus]]''. Erasmus did not reply, thinking it was the work of a personal enemy, Meander. Scaliger then wrote a second oration (published in 1536), also full of invective. The orations were followed by a large amount of Latin verse, which appeared in successive volumes in 1533, 1534, 1539, 1546 and 1547. This verse appeared in numerous editions, but was less appreciated by later critics. (One of them, [[Mark Pattison (academic)|Mark Pattison]], agreed with the judgment of [[Pierre Daniel Huet]], who said: "par ses poésies brutes et informes Scaliger a déshonoré le Parnasse".) He also published a brief tract on comic metres (''De comicis dimensionibus'') and a work ''De causis linguae Latinae'' (Lyons 1540; Geneva 1580; Frankfurt 1623), in which he analyzes the style of Cicero and indicates 634 mistakes of [[Lorenzo Valla]] and his humanist predecessors, claimed to be the earliest Latin [[grammar]] using scientific principles and method. He published no other purely literary works in his lifetime.

His ''Poetices libri septem'' ("Seven books on Poetics", Lyons 1561; Leyden 1581) appeared after his death. They contained many paradoxes and some elements of personal animosity (especially in his reference to [[Étienne Dolet]]), but also contain acute criticism based on the ''[[Poetics (Aristotle)|Poetics]]'' of Aristotle, "imperator noster; omnium bonarum artium dictator perpetuus" ("our Emperor, dictator forever of all good qualities in the arts"), an influential treatise in the history of [[literary criticism]]. Like many of his generation Scaliger prized [[Virgil]] above [[Homer]]. His praise of the tragedies of [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]] over those of the Greeks influenced both [[Shakespeare]] and [[Pierre Corneille]].

Scaliger intended to be judged primarily as a philosopher and a man of science and regarded classical studies as a means of relaxation. He was noted for his powers of observation and his tenacious memory. His scientific writings are all in the form of commentaries. It was not until he was seventy that (with the exception of a brief tract on the ''De insomniis'' of [[Hippocrates]]) he felt that any of them were ready for publication. In 1556 he printed his ''Dialogue'' on the ''[[De plantis]]'' attributed to [[Aristotle]], and in 1557 his ''Exotericarum exercitationum'' ("Exoteric Exercises", or simply ''Exercitationes'') on [[Gerolamo Cardano]]'s ''De Subtilitate''. His other scientific works, commentaries on [[Theophrastus]]' ''De causis plantarum'' and Aristotle's ''History of Animals'', he left in a more or less unfinished state, and they were not printed until after his death.{{sfn|Christie|Sandys|1911|p=283}}

His work shows no sign of the [[inductive reasoning]] attributed to the [[scientific method]]. Unlike his contemporary [[Konrad von Gesner]], he was not led by his botanical studies to a natural system of classification. He rejected the discoveries of [[Copernicus]]. He was guided by Aristotle in [[metaphysics]] and in [[natural history]] and by [[Galen]] in medicine, but did not follow them uncritically.{{sfn|Christie|Sandys|1911|pp=283–284}}

He is best known for his critical ''Exotericarum Exercitationes'' on Cardan's ''De Subtilitate'' (1557), a book approaching [[natural philosophy]] and which had a long popularity.<ref>Julii Caesaris Scaligeri ''Exotericarum exercitationum'' liber XV. ''De Subtilitate'' ad Hieronymum Cardanum. Francofurti. Apud Claudium Marnium, & haeredes Ioannes Aubrii. M.&nbsp;DC.&nbsp;VII. [=&nbsp;1607] ([https://books.google.com/books?id=Le8TAAAAQAAJ& online version]).</ref> The ''Exercitationes'' display encyclopaedic knowledge and accurate observation; but, as noted by [[Gabriel Naudé]], they are not flawless. They had an influence upon [[Natural history|natural historians]], philosophers and scientists such as [[Justus Lipsius|Lipsius]], [[Francis Bacon]], [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]] and [[Johannes Kepler]].<ref>Herman H.J. Lynge & Sons, International Antiquarian Booksellers [https://archive.today/20130128042912/http://www.lynge.com/item.php?bookid=31639 "Renaissance Enlightenment – Defending Aristotle Against Cardano"]</ref> [[Charles Nisard]] wrote that Scaliger's object seems to be to deny all that Cardan affirms and to affirm all that Cardan denies. Yet [[Gottfried Leibniz|Leibniz]] and [[William Hamilton (metaphysician)|Sir William Hamilton]] recognize him as the best modern exponent of the physics and metaphysics of Aristotle.{{sfn|Christie|Sandys|1911|p=284}}

===Editions===
[[File:Scaliger, Iulius Caesar – De subtilitate, 1612 – BEIC 4687038.jpg|thumb|''De subtilitate, 1612'']]
* {{Cite book|title=De subtilitate|volume=|publisher=eredi Claude de Marne|location=Frankfurt am Main|year=1612|language=la|url=https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=4687038}}
* {{Cite book|title=In libros De plantis Aristoteli inscriptos commentarii|volume=|publisher=Guillaume Rouillé|location=Lyon|year=1566|language=la|url=https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=4532222}}