Editing Judo (section)

==Judo ''waza'' (techniques)==
{{See also|List of judo techniques|List of Kodokan judo techniques}}
There are three basic categories of {{nihongo3|''waza''|技||techniques}} in judo: {{nihongo3|''nage-waza''|投げ技||throwing techniques}}, {{nihongo3|''katame-waza''|固技||grappling techniques}} and {{nihongo3|''atemi-waza''|当て身技||striking techniques}}.<ref>Daigo (2005) p. 8</ref> Judo is mostly known for ''nage-waza'' and ''katame-waza''.<ref>Numerous texts exist that describe the ''waza'' of judo in detail. Daigo (2005); Inokuma and Sato (1987); Kano (1994); Mifune (2004); and Ohlenkamp (2006) are some of the better examples</ref>

Judo practitioners typically devote a portion of each practice session to {{nihongo3|[[uke (martial arts)|''ukemi'']]|受け身||break-falls}}, in order that ''nage-waza'' can be practiced without significant risk of injury. Several distinct types of ''ukemi'' exist, including {{nihongo3|''ushiro ukemi''|後ろ受身||rear breakfalls}}; {{nihongo3|''yoko ukemi''|横受け身||side breakfalls}}; {{nihongo3|''mae ukemi''|前受け身||front breakfalls}}; and {{nihongo3|''zenpo kaiten ukemi''|前方回転受身||rolling breakfalls}}<ref>Kano (1994) pp. 45–54</ref>

The person who performs a ''waza'' is known as {{nihongo3|[[tori (martial arts)|''tori'']]|取り||literally "taker"}} and the person to whom it is performed is known as {{nihongo3|[[uke (martial arts)|''uke'']]|受け||"receiver"}}.<ref>Ishikawa and Draeger (1999) p. 179</ref>

===''Nage-waza'' (throwing techniques)===
''Nage-waza'' include all techniques in which ''tori'' attempts to throw or trip ''uke'', usually with the aim of placing ''uke'' on their back. Each technique has three distinct stages:

*{{nihongo3|''[[Kuzushi]]''|崩し}}: the opponent becoming off balanced;<ref>Kano (1994) pp. 42–43; Mifune (2004) pp. 41–43</ref>
*{{nihongo3|''Tsukuri''|作り}}: turning in and fitting into the throw;<ref name=tsuk>Kano (1994) p. 44; Mifune (2004) p. 44</ref>
*{{nihongo3|''Kake''|掛け}}: execution and completion of the throw.<ref name=tsuk/>

''Nage-waza'' are typically drilled by the use of {{nihongo3|''uchi-komi''|内込}}, repeated turning-in, taking the throw up to the point of ''kake''.<ref>Takahashi (2005) pp. 39–43</ref>

Traditionally, ''nage-waza'' are further categorised into {{nihongo3|''tachi-waza''|立ち技||standing techniques}}, throws that are performed with ''tori'' maintaining an upright position, and {{nihongo3|''sutemi-waza''|捨身技||sacrifice techniques}}, throws in which ''tori'' sacrifices his upright position in order to throw ''uke''.<ref name="Daigo p. 10">Daigo (2005) p. 10</ref>

''Tachi-waza'' are further subdivided into {{nihongo3|''te-waza''|手技||hand techniques}},<ref name="All Judo Hand Techniques (Te-Waza)">{{cite web|title=All Judo Hand Techniques (Te-Waza)|url=https://judoinfo.com/hand-techniques-tewaza/}}</ref> in which ''tori'' predominantly uses their arms to throw ''uke''; {{nihongo3|''koshi-waza''|腰技||hip techniques}}<ref name="All Judo Hip Techniques (Koshi-Waza)">{{cite web|title=All Judo Hip Techniques (Koshi-Waza)|url=https://judoinfo.com/hip-techniques-koshiwaza/}}</ref> throws that predominantly use a lifting motion from the hips; and {{nihongo3|''ashi-waza''|足技||foot and leg techniques}},<ref name="All Judo Foot Techniques (Ashi-Waza)">{{cite web|title=All Judo Foot Techniques (Ashi-Waza)|url=https://judoinfo.com/foot-techniques-ashi-waza/}}</ref> throws in which ''tori'' predominantly utilises their legs.<ref name="Daigo p. 10"/>
[[File:Haraigoshi.jpg|thumb|{{nihongo3|''[[Harai goshi]]''|払腰||sweeping hip}}, a ''koshi-waza'']]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
|rowspan="5" style="background:lavender"| {{nihongo3|'''''Nage-waza'''''|投げ技}}<br />throwing techniques
|rowspan="3" style="background:#b0c4de"| {{nihongo3|'''''Tachi-waza'''''|立ち技}}<br />standing techniques
|style="background:#b0c4de"| {{nihongo3|'''''Te-waza'''''|手技}}<br />hand techniques
|-
|style="background:#b0c4de"| {{nihongo3|'''''Koshi-waza'''''|腰技}}<br />hip techniques
|-
|style="background:#b0c4de"| {{nihongo3|'''''Ashi-waza'''''|足技}}<br />foot and leg techniques
|-
|rowspan="2" style="background:#ccf"| {{nihongo3|'''''Sutemi-waza'''''|捨身技}}<br />sacrifice techniques
|style="background:#ccf"| {{nihongo3|'''''Ma-sutemi-waza'''''|真捨身技}}<br />rear sacrifice techniques
|-
|style="background:#ccf"| {{nihongo3|'''''Yoko-sutemi-waza'''''|橫捨身技}}<br />side sacrifice techniques
|}

===''Katame-waza'' (grappling techniques)===
''Katame-waza'' is further categorised into {{nihongo3|''[[osaekomi-waza]]''|抑込技||holding techniques}}, in which ''tori'' traps and pins ''uke'' on their back on the floor; {{nihongo3|''[[shime-waza]]''|絞技||strangulation techniques}}, in which ''tori'' attempts to force a submission by choking or strangling ''uke''; and {{nihongo3|''[[kansetsu-waza]]''|関節技||joint techniques}}, in which ''tori'' attempts to submit ''uke'' by painful manipulation of their joints.<ref>For full coverage of [[katame waza]] techniques extant in current judo competition rules, see Adams (1991), Kashiwazaki (1992) and Kashiwazaki (1997)</ref>

A related concept is that of {{nihongo3|''ne-waza''|寝技||prone techniques}}, in which ''waza'' are applied from a non-standing position.<ref>{{cite web|last=Koizumi|first=Gunji|title=Ne-waza (Groundwork) and Atemi-waza (blows) in Judo|url=http://www.ejmas.com/jcs/2004jcs/jcsart_Koizumi_0704.htm|work=Judo|publisher=Budokwai Judo Quarterly Bulletin|access-date=11 September 2012}}</ref>

In competitive judo, ''Kansetsu-waza'' is currently limited to elbow joint manipulation.<ref>Adams (1991)</ref> Manipulation and locking of other joints can be found in various kata, such as ''Katame-no-kata'' and ''Kodokan goshin jutsu''.<ref>Otaki & Draeger (1983) pp. 398–405; Kano (1982) pp. 192–203</ref>
[[File:Juji.jpg|thumb|{{nihongo|[[Armlock#Juji-gatame|''Juji gatame'']]|十字固||cross lock}}(armbar), a ''kansetsu-waza'']]
{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center"
|-
|rowspan="3" style="background:lavender"| {{nihongo3|'''''Katame-waza'''''|固技}}<br />grappling techniques
|colspan="2" style="background:#b0c4de"| {{nihongo3|'''''Osaekomi-waza'''''|抑込技}}<br />holding or pinning techniques
|-
|colspan="2" style="background:#ccf"| {{nihongo3|'''''Shime-waza'''''|絞技}}<br />strangulation techniques
|-
|colspan="2" style="background:#b0ccfb"| {{nihongo3|'''''Kansetsu-waza'''''|関節技}}<br />Joint techniques (locks)
|}

===''Atemi-waza'' (striking techniques)===
''Atemi-waza'' are techniques in which ''tori'' disables ''uke'' with a strike to a vital point. ''Atemi-waza'' are not permitted outside of ''kata''.<ref>Daigo (2005) p. 9; Harrison (1952) pp. 162–168</ref>