Editing Johnny Appleseed (section)

== Hard cider ==
Chapman planted his apples by seed, not grafting,<ref>Mudge, Ken, et al. "A history of grafting." Horticultural reviews 35 (2009): 437-493.</ref><ref>Kerrigan, William. Johnny Appleseed and the American orchard: A cultural history. JHU Press, 2012.</ref> but without grafting, about one in a hundred seedlings will yield an apple that is edible as a fruit.<ref>Frazier, Ian (August 11, 1975). "One Hundred Thousand Varieties". *The New Yorker*. Retrieved September 18, 2024, from https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1975/08/11/one-hundred-thousand-varieties</ref> According to [[Henry David Thoreau]], an apple grown from seed tastes "sour enough to set a squirrel's teeth on edge and make a jay scream."<ref>Thorson, Robert M. (2009). *Walden's Shore: Henry David Thoreau and Nineteenth-Century Science*. Harvard University Press. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-674-03596-6. Retrieved September 18, 2024, from https://books.google.com/books?id=f9zbR_zNHZwC&pg=PA214</ref> But apples from seed are perfectly fine for making hard [[cider]],<ref>Means, Howard (2011). *Johnny Appleseed: The Man, the Myth, the American Story*. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4391-5911-3.</ref> and in the early part of the nineteenth century, there was a demand for hard cider—Ohioans ages fifteen and over drank, on average, thirty gallons of hard cider per year (10.52 ounces per day).<ref>McCormick, Virginia E., and Robert W. McCormick. New Englanders on the Ohio Frontier: Migration and Settlement of Worthington, Ohio. Kent State University Press, 1998. Page 243.</ref> Author [[Michael Pollan]] believes that since Chapman was against [[grafting]] and thus virtually all his apples were not edible and could be used only for [[cider]]: "Really, what Johnny Appleseed was doing and the reason he was welcome in every cabin in Ohio and Indiana was he was bringing the gift of alcohol to the frontier. He was our American [[Dionysus]]."<ref>{{cite book|last=Pollan|first=Michael|url=https://archive.org/details/botanyofdesirepl0000poll|title=The Botany of Desire: A Plant's-Eye View of the World|publisher=Random House|year=2001|isbn=0-375-50129-0 <!--format=hardcover-->|quote=0375501290.|author-link=Michael Pollan|access-date=March 11, 2014|url-access=registration}} <!-- 2002 paperback ISBN 0-375-76039-3 --></ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Author Michael Pollan Talks About the History of the Apple|url=http://michaelpollan.com/interviews/author-michael-pollan-talks-about-the-history-of-the-apple/|work=Morning Edition (NPR)|date=June 5, 2001|access-date=February 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209164557/http://michaelpollan.com/interviews/author-michael-pollan-talks-about-the-history-of-the-apple/|archive-date=February 9, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>