Editing Joanna of Castile (section)

==Reign==
===Queen of Castile===

====Succession====
Upon the death of her mother in November 1504, Joanna became queen regnant of Castile and her husband ''[[jure uxoris]]'' its king in 1506. Joanna's father, Ferdinand II, lost his monarchical status in Castile although his wife's will permitted him to govern in Joanna's absence or, if Joanna was unwilling to rule herself, until Joanna's heir reached the age of 20.<ref name="Prawdin">Prawdin, Michael, ''The Mad Queen of Spain'', p. 83.</ref>

Ferdinand refused to accept this; he minted Castilian coins in the name of "Ferdinand and Joanna, King and Queen of Castile, León and Aragon", and, in early 1505, persuaded the ''Cortes'' that Joanna's "illness is such that the said Queen Doña Joanna our Lady cannot govern". The ''Cortes'' then appointed Ferdinand as Joanna's guardian and the kingdom's administrator and governor.

Joanna's husband, Philip, was unwilling to accept any threat to his chances of ruling Castile and also minted coins in the name of "Philip and Joanna, King and Queen of Castile, Léon and Archdukes of Austria, etc."<ref name="moneda Juana"/>{{rp|315}} In response, Ferdinand embarked upon a pro-French policy, marrying [[Germaine de Foix]], niece of [[Louis XII]] of France (and his own great-niece), in the hope that she would produce a son to inherit Aragon and perhaps Castile.<ref name="Elliott">Elliott, J. H., ''Imperial Spain''</ref>{{rp|138}}<ref name="Aram"/>

In the Low Countries, Joanna was kept in confinement, but when her father-in-law Maximilian (in semi-secrecy) visited them on 24 August 1505 she was released to welcome him. Maximilian tried to comfort Joanna with festivities and she spent weeks accompanying him in public events, during which she acted like a wise, prudent queen, as noted by the Venetian ambassador.{{efn| [...] the most serene king of the Romans was keeping company with the queen his daughter-in-law, dressed in black velvet and with a fairly good complexion given the illness she has had. And it seemed to me, although it was night, that she was very beautiful, and she had the air of a wise and prudent lady. I made my reverence to her majesty in the name of your sublimity and spoke a few good words well adapted and appropriate to the time and place where we were and these were amiably reciprocated by her majesty."{{sfn|Fleming|2018|p=90}}}} To entertain Joanna, Philip and Maximilian (who was dressed incognito) [[jousting|jousted]] against each other at night, under torchlight. Maximilian told Philip that he could only succeed as a monarch if husband and wife were "una cosa medesima" (one and the same). After this, the couple reconciled somewhat. When Philip tried to gain support from Castilian nobles and prelates against Ferdinand though, Joanna firmly refused to act against her father.<ref>{{cite book |last=Parker |first=Geoffrey|author-link=Geoffrey Parker (historian) |title=Emperor: A New Life of Charles V |date=25 June 2019 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-19652-8 |page=53 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0eaaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 |access-date=24 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Fleming |first=Gillian B. |title=Juana I: Legitimacy and Conflict in Sixteenth-Century Castile |date=3 April 2018 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-74347-9 |page=90 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4E9UDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA90 |access-date=24 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Carroll |first=Leslie |title=Notorious Royal Marriages: A Juicy Journey Through Nine Centuries of Dynasty, Destiny, and Desire |date=5 January 2010 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-101-15977-4 |page=61 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TcXWrhvBc8YC&pg=PT61 |access-date=24 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

Ferdinand's remarriage merely strengthened support for Philip and Joanna in Castile, and in late 1505 the pair decided to travel to Castile. Before they boarded the ship, Joanna forbade a ship with female attendants to join the trip, fearing that Philip would have illicit relationships with them. This action played right into Philip's and Ferdinand's propaganda against her. Leaving Flanders on 10 January 1506, their ships were wrecked on the English coast and the couple were guests of [[Henry VIII|Henry, Prince of Wales]] (later Henry VIII), and Joanna's sister Catherine of Aragon at [[Windsor Castle]]. They weren't able to leave until 21 April, by which time civil war was looming in Castile.

Philip apparently considered landing in [[Andalusia]] and summoning the nobles to take up arms against Ferdinand in Aragon. Instead, he and Joanna landed at [[A Coruña]] on 26 April, whereupon the Castilian nobility abandoned Ferdinand en masse. Ferdinand met Philip at [[Villafáfila]] on 27 June 1506 for a private interview in the village church. To the general surprise, Ferdinand had unexpectedly handed over the government of Castile to his "most beloved children", promising to retire to Aragon. Philip and Ferdinand then signed the [[Treaty of Villafáfila]] secretly, agreeing that Joanna's "infirmities and sufferings" made her incapable of ruling and promising to exclude her from government and deprive the Queen of crown and freedom.

Ferdinand promptly repudiated the second agreement the same afternoon, declaring that Joanna should never be deprived of her rights as Queen Proprietress of Castile. A fortnight later, having come to no fresh agreement with Philip, and thus effectively retaining his right to interfere if he considered his daughter's rights to have been infringed upon, he abandoned Castile for Aragon, leaving Philip to govern in Joanna's stead.<ref name="Elliott"/>{{rp|139}}
[[File:Juana_la_Loca_de_Pradilla.jpg|thumb|Joanna the Mad Holding Vigil over the Coffin of Her Late Husband, Philip the Handsome. Juana la Loca de Pradilla by [[Francisco Pradilla Ortiz]], 1877.]]

====Philip's death====
By virtue of the agreement of Villafáfila, the [[Procurador en Cortes (Spain)|procurators of the ''Cortes'']] met in [[Valladolid]], Castile on 9 July 1506. On 12 July,<ref name="Colmeiro"/>{{rp|69–91}} they swore allegiance to Philip I and Joanna together as King and Queen of Castile and León and to their son Charles as their heir-apparent.<ref name="moneda Carlos"/>{{rp|135}} This arrangement only lasted for a few months.

On 25 September 1506, Philip died after a five-day illness in the city of [[Burgos]] in Castile. The probable cause of death was [[typhoid fever]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Philip I, the Handsome |encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance |year=2003 |last=Campbell |first=Gordon |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-860175-3 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198601753.001.0001/acref-9780198601753-e-2810 }}</ref> but there were rumors that his father-in-law, Ferdinand II, had poisoned him.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Liss |first=Peggy K. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25048514 |title=Isabel the Queen: Life and Times |date=1992 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-507356-8 |location=New York |page=354|oclc=25048514 }}</ref> Joanna was pregnant with their sixth child, a daughter named [[Catherine of Austria, Queen of Portugal|Catherine]] (1507–1578), who later became Queen of Portugal.  As Joanna had no midwife at the time, she was assisted during childbirth by her lady-in-waiting, [[María de Ulloa]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fernández Guisasola |first=Luis Fernando |year=2024 |title=Doña María de Ulloa, camarera mayor de la reina doña Juana I de Castilla. Familia y contexto político |journal=Cuadernos de Estudios Gallegos |volume=71 |issue=137 |pages=e05 |doi=10.3989/ceg.2024.137.05 |url=https://doi.org/10.3989/ceg.2024.137.05|doi-access=free }}</ref> 

By 20 December 1506, Joanna was in the village of Torquemada in Castile, attempting to exercise her rights to rule alone in her own name as Queen of Castile. The country fell into disorder. Her son and heir-apparent Charles, later Charles I, was a six-year-old child being raised in his aunt's care in northern European [[Flanders]]; her father, Ferdinand II, remained in Aragon, allowing the crisis to grow.

A regency council under [[Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros|Archbishop Cisneros]] was set up, against the queen's orders, but it was unable to manage the growing public disorder; plague and famine devastated the kingdom with supposedly half the population perishing of one or the other. The queen was unable to secure the funds required to assist her to protect her power. In the face of this, Ferdinand II returned to Castile in July 1507. His arrival coincided with a remission of the plague and famine, a development which quieted the instability and left an impression that his return had restored the health of the kingdom.<ref name="Elliott"/>{{rp|139}}<ref name="Aram"/>

====Father's regency====
[[File:Don Felipe y Doña Juana.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Joanna and her husband with their Spanish subjects]]
Ferdinand II and Joanna met at [[Hornillos de Cerrato|Hornillos, Castile]], on 30 July 1507. Ferdinand then constrained her to yield her power over the Kingdom of Castile and León to himself. On 17 August 1507, three members of the royal council were summoned – supposedly in her name – and ordered to inform the grandees of her father Ferdinand II's return to power: "That they should go to receive his highness and serve him as they would her person and more." However, she made it evident that this was against her will, by refusing to sign the instructions and issuing a statement that as queen regnant she did not endorse the surrender of her own royal powers.

Nonetheless, she was thereafter queen in name only, and all documents, though issued in her name, were signed with Ferdinand's signature, "I the King". He was named administrator of the kingdom by the ''Cortes'' of Castile in 1510, and entrusted the government mainly to Archbishop Cisneros. He had Joanna confined in the Royal Palace in Tordesillas, near Valladolid in Castile, in February 1509 after having dismissed all of her faithful servants and having appointed a small retinue accountable to him alone.<ref name="Aram"/> At this time, some accounts claim that she was insane or "mad", and that she took her husband's corpse with her to Tordesillas to keep it close to her.<ref name="Elliott"/>{{rp|139}}

====Son as co-monarch====
As a result of the death of her father, Ferdinand II, on 23 January 1516, Joanna became Queen of Aragon. Cisneros and the regency council hid the news of her father's death from her, pretending he still lived and ruled. Her then-17-year-old son Charles arrived in Asturias at the Bay of Biscay in October 1517. Until his arrival, the Crown of Aragon was governed by Archbishop [[Alonso de Aragón]] (an illegitimate son of Ferdinand) and her Crown of Castile was governed by Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros. On 4 November, Charles and his sister [[Eleanor of Austria|Eleanor]] met their mother Joanna at Tordesillas – there they secured from her the necessary authorisation to allow Charles to rule as her co-King of Castile and León and of Aragon. Despite her acquiescence to his wishes, her confinement would continue and Charles expanded the deceptions surrounding her, later hiding the 1519 death of Emperor [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian]] from her.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parker |first=Geoffrey |title=Emperor: A New Life of Charles V |date=2019 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-19652-8 |location=London |pages=79–80}}</ref> The Castilian ''Cortes'', meeting in Valladolid, spited Charles by addressing him only as ''Su Alteza'' ("Your Highness") and reserving ''Majestad'' ("Majesty") for Joanna.<ref name="moneda Carlos"/>{{rp|144}} However, no one seriously considered rule by Joanna a realistic proposition.<ref name="Elliott"/>{{rp|143–146}}

In 1519, Charles I ruled the Crown of Aragon and its territories and the Crown of Castile and its territories, in personal union. In addition, that same year Charles was elected [[Holy Roman Emperor]]. The kingdoms of Castile and Aragon (and Navarre) remained in personal union until their jurisdictional unification in the early 18th century by the [[Nueva Planta decrees]], while Charles eventually abdicated as Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in favour of his brother Ferdinand, and as King of Spain in favour of his son [[Philip II of Spain|Philip]] – an act that represented the "transition from a universal empire to defence of the interests of the 'Austrian family' (austriacismo), in other words, to a close alliance between two parts of the dynasty, aimed at guaranteeing the [[hegemony]] of Catholicism and of the dynasty within Europe".<ref>{{cite book |last=Kagarlitsky |first=Boris |title=From Empires to Imperialism: The State and the Rise of Bourgeois Civilisation |date=27 June 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-66870-1 |page=137 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ANfpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT137 |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Curtis |first=Benjamin |title=The Habsburgs: The History of a Dynasty |date=12 September 2013 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-4411-5002-8 |page=99 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=svNLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA99 |access-date=26 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

====Revolt of the Comuneros====
In 1520, the [[Revolt of the Comuneros]] broke out in response to the perceived foreign Habsburg influence over Castile through Charles V. The rebel leaders demanded that Castile be governed in accordance with the supposed practices of the Catholic Monarchs. In an attempt to legitimise their rebellion, the Comuneros turned to Joanna. As the sovereign monarch, had she given written approval to the rebellion, it would have been legalised and would have triumphed.

In an attempt to prevent this, Don [[Antonio de Rojas Manrique]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mallorca|Bishop of Mallorca]], led a delegation of royal councillors to Tordesillas, asking Joanna to sign a document denouncing the Comuneros. She demurred, requesting that he present her specific provisions. Before this could be done, the Comuneros in turn stormed the virtually undefended city and requested her support.

The request prompted [[Pope Adrian VI|Adrian of Utrecht]], the regent appointed by Charles V, to declare that Charles would lose Castile if she granted her support. Although she was sympathetic to the Comuneros, she was persuaded by Ochoa de Landa and her confessor Fray [[John of Ávila]] that supporting the revolt would irreparably damage the country and her son's kingship, and she therefore refused to sign a document granting her support.<ref>{{Citation |author-link=Henry Latimer Seaver |last=Seaver |first=Henry Latimer |title=The Great Revolt in Castile: A Study of the Comunero Movement of 1520–1521 |orig-year=1928 |year=1966 |publisher=Octagon Books |location=New York |page=359 |ref=Sea28 }}</ref> The [[Battle of Villalar]] confirmed that Charles would prevail over the revolt.

====Forced confinement====
Charles ensured his domination and throne by having his mother confined for the rest of her life in the now-demolished Royal Palace in Tordesillas, Castile.<ref>{{cite web |title=Palacio Real |url=http://www.tordesillas.net/-que-ver-/guia-de-monumentos/palacio-real |website=Turismo de Tordesillas |publisher=Oficina de Turismo de Tordesillas |access-date=30 October 2018 |language=es |archive-date=17 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117081136/http://www.tordesillas.net/-que-ver-/guia-de-monumentos/palacio-real |url-status=dead }}</ref> Joanna's condition degenerated further. She apparently became convinced that some of the nuns that took care of her wanted to kill her. Reportedly it was difficult for her to eat, sleep, bathe, or change her clothes. Charles wrote to her caretakers: "It seems to me that the best and most suitable thing for you to do is to make sure that no person speaks with Her Majesty, for no good could come from it".<ref>{{cite book|last=Waldherr|first=Kris|title=Doomed Queens: Royal Women Who Met Bad Ends, From Cleopatra to Princess Di|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rl3WFJ3p1W4C&pg=PA113|year= 2008|publisher=Crown Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-7679-3103-8|page=113}}</ref>

Her late mother's lady-in-waiting, [[Catalina de Medrano y Bravo de Lagunas#Lady-in-waiting for Queen Isabella I of Castile|Catalina de Medrano y Bravo de Lagunas]], along with her husband, Hernando de Sandoval y Rojas, took part in the custody and care of Joanna in Tordesillas.<ref>Tomás Gismera Velasco, Guadalajara in Memory, New Alcarria Newspaper, Guadalajara, August 7, 2020</ref> Joanna also had her youngest daughter, Catherine of Austria, with her during Ferdinand II's time as regent, 1507–1516. Her older daughter, Eleanor of Austria, had created a semblance of a household within the palace rooms. In her final years, Joanna's physical state began to decline rapidly, with mobility ever more difficult.