Editing Jarvis Island (section)

==History==
===Prehistory===
Jarvis Island is unlikely to have hosted permanent human occupation before its use for guano mining. However, it is possible the island was utilized as a waypoint or stopover island by Polynesian voyagers. The remoteness of the island and a lack of freshwater resources have prevented large-scale archaeological surveys from taking place.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://ecos.fws.gov/ServCat/DownloadFile/165841 |title=Jarvis Island National Wildlife Refuge: Comprehensive Conservation Plan |publisher=U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service |date=24 September 2008 |access-date=1 June 2022}}</ref>
[[File:Jarvis Island Guano Tramway.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Remains of a [[guano]] tramway on Jarvis Island, looking west with 125-year-old heaps of mined but never-shipped guano in the background near the day beacon]]

===Discovery===
The island's first known sighting by the British on August 21, 1821, by the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] ship ''[[Eliza Francis]]'' (or ''Eliza Frances'') owned by Edward, Thomas and William Jarvis<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jarvisisland.info/north_pacific_pilot.html#282 |title=North Pacific Pilot page 282 |access-date=January 26, 2007 |format=png |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211192130/http://jarvisisland.info/north_pacific_pilot.html#282 |archive-date=February 11, 2008 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.law.mq.edu.au/scnsw/Cases1833-34/html/r_v_higgins_and_others__1833.htm |title=R. v. Higgins, Fuller, Anderson, Thomas, Belford and Walsh |access-date=January 25, 2007 |work=legal proceeding |archive-date=October 15, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015233302/http://www.law.mq.edu.au/scnsw/Cases1833-34/html/r_v_higgins_and_others__1833.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> and commanded by Captain Brown. The island was visited by whaling vessels until the 1870s.

The [[U.S. Exploring Expedition]] surveyed the island in 1841.<ref name="Stanton">{{cite book|last1=Stanton|first1=William|title=The Great United States Exploring Expedition|date=1975|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0520025578|pages=[https://archive.org/details/greatunitedstate00will/page/232 232]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/greatunitedstate00will/page/232}}</ref>  In March 1857 the island was claimed for the United States under the [[Guano Islands Act]] and formally annexed on February 27, 1858.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Orent |first1=Beatrice |last2=Reinsch |first2=Pauline |date=1941 |title=Sovereignty over Islands in the Pacific |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0002930000136759/type/journal_article |journal=American Journal of International Law |language=en |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=443–461 |doi=10.2307/2192452 |jstor=2192452 |issn=0002-9300}}</ref>

===Nineteenth-century guano mining===
The American Guano Company, incorporated in 1857, established claims regarding Baker Island and Jarvis Island, recognized under the U.S. [[Guano Islands Act]] of 1856.<ref>{{cite web|title = GAO/OGC-98-5 – U.S. Insular Areas: Application of the U.S. Constitution | date = November 7, 1997|url= http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GAOREPORTS-OGC-98-5/content-detail.html|publisher= U.S. Government Printing Office |access-date=March 23, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title = The Guano Companies in Litigation—A Case of Interest to Stockholders | date = May 3, 1865 |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1865/05/03/news/guano-companies-litigation-case-interest-stockholders-supreme-court-general-term.html |newspaper=New York Times |access-date=March 23, 2013}}</ref> Beginning in 1858, several support structures were built on Jarvis Island, along with a two-story, eight-room "superintendent's house" featuring an observation [[cupola]] and wide [[verandah]]s. Tram tracks were laid down to bring mined [[guano]] to the western shore.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=O'Donnell |first=Dan |date=1995-01-01 |title=The nineteenth century Pacific guano trade |url=https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/INFORMIT.859044115656143 |journal=The Bulletin of the Australian Institute for Maritime Archaeology |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=27–32}}</ref> One of the first loads was taken by [[Samuel Gardner Wilder]].<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Samuel Gardner Wilder |title= The Story of Hawaii and Its Builders |year=1925 |publisher= [[Honolulu Star Bulletin]] |editor= George F. Nellist |chapter-url= http://files.usgwarchives.net/hi/statewide/bios/wilder65bs.txt }}</ref>
Laborers for the mining operations came from around the Pacific, including from Hawai{{okina}}i; the Hawaiian laborers named Baker Island "{{lang|haw|Paukeaho}}", meaning 'out of breath' or 'exhausted', which is indicative of the hard work needed.<ref name=":2">{{cite report|title=Early Cultural and Historical Seascape of the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument: Archival and Literary Research Report|first1=Jesi|last1=Quan Bautista|first2=Savannah|last2=Smith|date=2018|number=SP-19-005|publisher=NOAA Fisheries Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center|doi=10.25923/fb5w-jw23|page=3}}</ref>

For the following 21 years, Jarvis was commercially mined for guano sent to the United States as [[fertilizer]]. Still, the island was abruptly abandoned in 1879, leaving behind about a dozen buildings and {{convert|8,000|t|ST|sp=us}} of mined guano.

[[File:Squire Flockton death 47059637 1465956622.jpg|thumb|News story of Squire Flockton's death on Jarvis. The name ''Juror's Island'' in the article is a typographical error for Jarvis Island.<ref>''Auckland Star'', Volume XIX, Issue 3978, 28 April 1883. [https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS18830428.2.12 p. 2.]</ref>]]
New Zealand [[entrepreneur]]s, including photographer [[Henry Winkelmann]], then made unsuccessful attempts to continue guano extraction on Jarvis, and the two-story house was sporadically inhabited during the early 1880s. Squire Flockton was left alone on the island as caretaker for several months and committed [[suicide]] there in 1883, apparently from [[gin]]-fueled despair.<ref name="Cushman2013">{{cite book|author=Gregory T. Cushman|title=Guano and the Opening of the Pacific World: A Global Ecological History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LbIEXKafflMC&pg=PA98|date=25 March 2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-00413-9|pages=98–}}</ref> His wooden [[Headstone|grave marker]] was a carved plank which could be seen in the island's tiny four-grave [[cemetery]] for decades.<ref name="SA">{{cite web|first=Sydney |last=Arundel |title = Kodak photographs, Jarvis Island| year = 1909|url= http://www.jarvisisland.info/arundel.html|publisher= Steve Higley|access-date=April 23, 2013}}</ref>

[[John T. Arundel|John T. Arundel & Co.]] resumed mining guano from 1886 to 1899.<ref name="Ellis 1935">{{cite book |last1= Ellis |first1= Albert F. |author-link1= Albert Fuller Ellis |title= Ocean Island and Nauru; Their Story |year= 1935 |publisher= Angus and Robertson, limited|location= Sydney, Australia |oclc= 3444055 }}</ref><ref name="WM1985">{{cite book |last1= Maslyn Williams & Barrie Macdonald |title= The Phosphateers |year=1985 |publisher= Melbourne University Press |isbn=978-0-522-84302-6}}</ref> The United Kingdom annexed the island on June 3, 1889. [[Phosphate]] and [[copra]] entrepreneur [[John T. Arundel]] visited the island in 1909 on the maiden voyage of the ''S.S. Ocean Queen'', and near the beach landing on the western shore, members of the crew built a pyramidal [[day beacon]] made from slats of wood, which was painted white.<ref name="SA"/> The beacon was standing in 1935,<ref name="EHB">{{cite web|last= Edwin H. Bryan, Jr. |title = Panala'au Memoirs | year = 1974|url= http://www.jarvisisland.info/arundel.html|publisher= Pacific Scientific Information Center – Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii|access-date=April 23, 2013}}</ref> and remained until at least 1942.

===Wreck of barquentine ''Amaranth''===
[[File:Amaranth (barquentine).png|thumb|upright|left|The ''Amaranth'' at sea]]

On August 30, 1913, the [[barquentine]] ''[[Amaranth (barquentine)|Amaranth]]'' (C. W. Nielson, captain) was carrying a cargo of [[coal]] from [[Newcastle, New South Wales]], to [[San Francisco]] when it [[Shipwreck|wrecked]] on Jarvis' southern shore.<ref name=":2" /> Ruins of ten wooden guano-mining buildings, the two-story house among them, could still be seen by the ''Amaranth'' crew, who left Jarvis aboard two [[lifeboat (shipboard)|lifeboat]]s. One reached [[Pago Pago]], [[American Samoa]], and the other made [[Apia]] in [[Samoa]]. The ship's scattered remains were noted and scavenged for many years, and rounded fragments of coal from the ''Amaranth'''s [[hold (ship)|hold]] were still being found on the south beach in the late 1930s.<ref>Bryan, E.H. [http://www.janeresture.com/jarvis/ "Jarvis Island"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525213226/http://www.janeresture.com/jarvis/ |date=May 25, 2017 }} Retrieved: July 7, 2008.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tengan |first=Ty P. Kawika |date=2004 |title=Of colonization and Pono in Hawai'i |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1040265042000237699 |journal=Peace Review |language=en |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=157–167 |doi=10.1080/1040265042000237699 |issn=1040-2659}}</ref>

===Millersville (1935–1942)===
{{Main|American Equatorial Islands Colonization Project}}
{{multiple image
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 | image1 = Government House on Jarvis Island (80-CF-798677-9).jpg
 | image2 = Camp at Jarvis Island (80-CF-798677-7).jpg
 | footer = Settlers erected makeshift campsites on Jarvis Island during the [[American Equatorial Islands Colonization Project]].
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[[File:Men left at Jarvis Island (80-CF-798677-14).jpg|thumb|Four residents wave goodbye.]]
Jarvis Island was reclaimed by the United States government and colonized from March 26, 1935, onwards, under the [[American Equatorial Islands Colonization Project]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McConnell |first=D. R. |date=2024-04-29 |title=Prospects for Marine Minerals in the US Pacific OCS and EEZ |url=https://onepetro.org/OTCONF/proceedings/24OTC/2-24OTC/D021S023R001/544923 |journal=Paper Presented at the Offshore Technology Conference |publisher=OTC |doi=10.4043/35266-MS}}</ref> President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] assigned administration of the island to the [[U.S. Department of the Interior]] on May 13, 1936.<ref name="doi"/> Starting as a cluster of large, open tents pitched next to the still-standing white wooden day beacon, the Millersville [[Human settlement|settlement]] on the island's western shore was named after a [[bureaucrat]] with the [[United States government role in civil aviation|United States Department of Air Commerce]]. The settlement grew into a group of shacks built mostly with wreckage from the ''Amaranth'' (lumber from which was also used by the young [[Hawaii]]an colonists to build [[surfboard]]s), but later, stone and wood dwellings were built and equipped with refrigeration, radio equipment, and a weather station.<ref>Bryan, Edwin H., Jr. [http://www.jarvisisland.info/panalaau_memoirs.html#photos Panala'au Memoirs.] Retrieved: July 7, 2008. Contains several photos of the Millersville settlement and a diary of events in the colony.</ref> A crude aircraft landing area was cleared on the island's northeast side, and a T-shaped marker intended to be seen from the air was made from gathered stones, but no airplane is known to have ever landed there. According to the [[1940 U.S. census]], Jarvis Island had a population of three people.<ref>{{cite United States census|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1940/population-volume-1/33973538v1ch11.pdf|title = Sixteenth Census of the United States: Population, Volume I, Number of Inhabitants, Hawaii (Table 4)|year=1940|location=Washington, D.C.|page=1211|accessdate=October 29, 2021}}</ref>

At the beginning of [[World War II]], an [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] [[submarine]] surfaced off the west coast of the island. Believing that a [[U.S. Navy]] submarine had come to fetch them, the four young colonists rushed down the steep western beach in front of Millersville towards the shore. The submarine answered their waves with fire from its deck gun, but no one was hurt in the attack. On February 7, 1942, the [[USCGC Taney (WHEC-37)|USCGC ''Taney'']] evacuated the colonists, then shelled and burned the dwellings. The roughly cleared landing area on the island's northeast end was later shelled by the Japanese, leaving crater holes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://home.att.net/~higley.family/sub1.htm |title=History of Jarvis Island |access-date=January 25, 2007 |work="World War Two" section of article. }} Shell holes were later noted in the aircraft landing area.</ref>
[[File:Map of Kiribati CIA WFB.png|thumb|left|upright=1.25|Map of the central Pacific Ocean showing Jarvis and neighboring islands.]]

===International Geophysical Year===
Jarvis was visited by scientists during the [[International Geophysical Year]] from July 1957 until November 1958. In January 1958, all scattered building ruins from the nineteenth-century guano diggings and the 1935–1942 colonization attempt were swept away without a trace by a severe storm that lasted several days and was witnessed by scientists. When the IGY research project ended, the island was abandoned again.<ref>The IGY station chief was Otto H Homung (d. 1958), who apparently died on the island and may have been buried there.</ref> By the early 1960s, a few sheds, a century of accumulated trash, the scientists' house from the late 1950s, and a solid, short lighthouse-like [[day beacon]] built two decades before were the only signs of human habitation on Jarvis.