Editing Jansenism (section)

== The reception of ''Augustinus'' in France ==
[[File:Augustinus.jpg|right|thumb|The title page of {{lang|la|[[Augustinus (Jansenist book)|Augustinus]]}} by [[Cornelius Jansen]], published posthumously in 1640. The book formed the foundation of the subsequent Jansenist controversy.]]

''Augustinus'' was first printed in France in 1641, then a second time in 1643, and was read widely in theological circles, including in [[Spanish Flanders]] and the [[Dutch Republic]]. The debate regarding Augustinianism in France was mainly introduced by the publication of ''Augustinus'', in which emphasis is placed on the Augustinian theory of grace and predestination.<ref name="Cognet-1967" />{{Rp|page=33}}

The [[Oratory of Jesus|Oratorians]] and [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]] welcomed the work, along with a large number of theologians at the [[College of Sorbonne|Sorbonne]], ten of which approved the French editions. But the Jesuits immediately opposed it; they were supported by [[Cardinal Richelieu]], and after his death in 1642, by {{Interlanguage link|Isaac Habert|lt=Isaac Habert|fr|Isaac Habert|WD=}} who attacked Jansen in his sermons at the [[Notre-Dame de Paris]], and by the [[Congregation of the Feuillants|Feuillant]] theologian [[Pierre de Saint-Joseph]] who published a ''Defensio sancti Augusti'' ('Defence of Saint Augustine') in 1643.

These first years were not favourable to the Jansenists. The [[Archbishop of Paris]], [[Jean-François de Gondi]], forbade the treatment of grace in publications and formally proscribed ''Augustinus'', but it nevertheless continued to circulate. On 1 August 1642, the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith|Holy Office]] issued a decree condemning {{lang|la|Augustinus}} and forbidding its reading. The decree was powerless in France since the tribunal was unrecognised by the law.<ref name="Jervis-1872">{{Cite book |last=Jervis |first=Lady Marian |title=Tales of boyhood of great painters |date=1872 |publisher=T. Nelson and Sons |pages=386–387}}</ref> On 6 March 1642, [[Pope Urban VIII]] followed up with a [[papal bull]] titled {{lang|la|In eminenti}}, which condemned {{lang|la|Augustinus}} because it was published in violation of the order that no works concerning grace should be published without the prior permission of the [[Holy See]]. He also renewed the censures by [[Pope Pius V]], in {{lang|la|Ex omnibus afflictionibus}} in 1567, and by [[Pope Gregory XIII]], of several propositions of [[Baianism]], arguing that they were repeated in {{lang|la|Augustinus}}.

''In eminenti'' was, for a time, treated as invalid because of an alleged ambiguity about the date of its publication. Jansenists attempted to prevent the reception of ''In eminenti'', both in Flanders and in France. They alleged that it could not be genuine, since the document attested to be promulgated at Rome on 6 March 1641, whereas the copy sent to [[Brussels]] by the [[nuncio]] at [[Cologne]] was dated in 1642. In reality, the difference was between the [[Old Style and New Style dates]] which were both still in use.<ref name="Jervis-1872" /> Thanks to the agitation of the Jansenists in the ''[[Parlement]]'', its publication in France was delayed until January 1643.<ref name="Hildesheimer-1992" />{{Rp|page=21}} The faculty of the Sorbonne formally accepted the bull in 1644.