Editing James Francis Edward Stuart (section)

==Court-in-exile==
[[File:Jacobite broadside - Coloured portrait of Prince James as young man1.jpg|thumbnail|left|Coloured portrait of James as young man]]
After the unsuccessful invasion of 1715, James lived in [[Papal States|Papal territory]], first at [[Avignon]] (April 1716 – February 1717),{{sfnp|Bevan|1967|pp=92, 96}} then at [[Pesaro]] (1717){{sfnp|Bevan|1967|p=99}} and [[Urbino]] (July 1717 – November 1718).{{sfnp|Bevan|1967|pp=102, 110}} Pope [[Clement XI]] offered James the [[Palazzo Muti]] or Palazzo del Re<ref>{{cite book|last1=Corp|first1=Edward|title=The Location of the Stuart Court in Rome: The Palazzo Del Re|date=2010|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=Basingstoke|pages=180–205}}</ref> in Rome as his residence, which he accepted. Pope [[Innocent XIII]], like his predecessor, showed much support. Thanks to his friend Cardinal [[Filippo Antonio Gualterio (cardinal)|Filippo Antonio Gualterio]], James was granted a life annuity of 12,000<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blichmann |first=Diana |date=2019-06-30 |title=The Stuart-Sobieska opera patronage in Rome |url=https://journals.openedition.org/mefrim/6296 |journal=Mélanges de l'École française de Rome – Italie et Méditerranée modernes et contemporaines |language=en |issue=131–1 |pages=177–200 |doi=10.4000/mefrim.6296 |s2cid=213575807 |issn=1123-9891}}</ref> Roman [[Roman scudo|scudi]]. Such help enabled him to organise a Jacobite court at Rome, where, although he lived in splendour, he continued to suffer from fits of melancholy.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

Further efforts to restore the Stuarts to the British throne were planned. In 1719 a major expedition left Spain but was forced to turn back due to weather. A small landing took place in the Scottish Highlands, but the [[Jacobite rising of 1719]] was defeated at the [[Battle of Glen Shiel]]. James had gone to Spain in the hope he could take part in the invasion, but following its abandonment was forced to return to Italy.{{cn|date=September 2021}} A further attempt was planned in 1722,<ref name=Exeter/> but following the exposure of the [[Atterbury Plot]] it came to nothing.{{cn|date=September 2021}}

In exercise of his pretended position, James purported to create titles of nobility, referred to as [[Jacobite peerage]]s, for his British supporters and members of his court, none of which have ever been recognised in Britain.{{cn|date=September 2021}}

The court-in-exile became a popular stop for English travellers making a [[Grand Tour]], regardless of political affiliation.<ref>Per Edward T. Corp</ref> For many, it functioned as an unofficial consulate. Those in need of medical attention preferred being treated by one of their own countrymen. In 1735 court physicians tended to [[Edmund Sheffield, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Normanby]], and thirty years later to [[James Boswell]].<ref name=Corp>{{cite book |last=Corp |first=Edward T. |title=The Stuarts in Italy, 1719–1766 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Me64SIwEDusC&pg=PA32 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2011 |isbn=9780521513272}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=September 2021}}

James remained well-treated in Rome until his death. He was allowed to hold Protestant services at Court, and was given land where his Protestant adherents could receive a public burial.<ref name=Corp/>{{failed verification|date=September 2021}}

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===Marriage and progeny===
[[Louise Adélaïde d'Orléans]] ({{lang|fr|Mademoiselle d'Orléans}}), daughter of [[Philippe II, Duke of Orléans]], was at one time suggested as a wife for James, but nothing came of it.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}} In March 1717, while James was visiting [[Modena]], he became engaged to his cousin [[Benedetta d'Este]], but her father Duke [[Rinaldo d'Este (1655–1737)|Rinaldo]] put an end to the engagement to preserve his relations with Hanover and Great Britain.{{sfnp|Bevan|1967|pp=98–99, 103}}

[[File:Maria Klementyna Sobieska (1702-1735).jpg|thumb|James's wife, [[Maria Clementina Sobieska]]]]

On 3 September 1719, James married [[Maria Clementina Sobieska]] (1702–1735), granddaughter of King [[John III Sobieski]] of Poland. The wedding was held in the chapel of the Episcopal Palace in [[Montefiascone]], near [[Viterbo]]. By his wife he had two sons:{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}
# [[Charles Edward Stuart]] (31 December 1720 – 31 January 1788), nicknamed "Bonnie Prince Charlie"
# [[Henry Benedict Stuart]] (11 March 1725 – 13 July 1807), a [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinal]] of the [[Catholic Church]]

===Bonnie Prince Charlie===
Following James's failure, attention turned to his son Charles, "[[Charles Edward Stuart|the Young Pretender]]", who led the [[Jacobite rising of 1745|major uprising]] of 1745. With the failure of this second rebellion, the Stuart hopes of regaining the British throne were effectively destroyed.<ref>{{Britannica|299035|Jacobite}}</ref> James and Charles later clashed repeatedly, and relations between them broke down completely when James played a role in the appointment of his son [[Henry Benedict Stuart|Henry]] as a cardinal. Henry then took holy orders, which required him to maintain [[celibacy]], ending the possibility that he would produce a legitimate heir, infuriating Charles, who had not been consulted.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

[[File:Prince James Francis Edward Stuart by Anton Raphael Mengs.jpg|thumb|Portrait of James from 1748]]

===Later years===
After the 1745 rising, there were no other plots to restore the Stuart dynasty except for when, in 1759, the French government briefly considered a scheme to have James (then aged 70) crowned King of Ireland as part of [[Planned French invasion of Britain (1759)|their plans to invade Britain]], but the offer was never formally made to James. Several separate plans also involved Charles being given control of a French-backed independent Ireland, though that too was aborted after Charles showed up at a meeting with the French to discuss the plan late, argumentative, and idealistic in expectations, so that the French dismissed the possibility of Jacobite assistance.<ref>McLynn (1759) p. 81</ref>{{full citation needed|date=May 2021}}

[[Image:Tomb of Stuart in the Vatican.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Tomb of James Francis Edward Stuart and his two sons in [[St. Peter's Basilica]]]]

===Death===
After a lingering illness, James died aged 77 on 1 January 1766, at his home, the Palazzo Muti in Rome,<ref name=Exeter/><ref name=libraryireland>{{cite web |title=Stuart Nomination to Irish Sees (1686–1766.) |url=https://www.libraryireland.com/articles/stuartnoms/index.php |website=www.libraryireland.com}}</ref> and was buried in the crypt of [[St. Peter's Basilica]] in present-day [[Vatican City]]. His grave is marked by the [[Monument to the Royal Stuarts]]. His claimed reign had lasted for 64 years, 3 months and 16 days, longer than any British monarch until Queen [[Elizabeth II]]'s reign surpassed it on 23 May 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=Famous Stewarts |url=http://www.stewartsociety.org/history-of-the-stewarts.cfm?section=famous-stewarts&subcatid=19&histid=178 |url-status=live |publisher=www.stewartsociety.org |access-date=20 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510143601/http://www.stewartsociety.org/history-of-the-stewarts.cfm?section=famous-stewarts&subcatid=19&histid=178 |archive-date=10 May 2017}}</ref>