Editing Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis (section)

== First Lady of the United States (1961–1963) ==
=== Campaign for presidency ===
[[File:KennedysElectionDayBoston.png|thumb|left|Kennedy and her husband voting at the [[Boston Public Library]] on Election Day, {{ca|November 8, 1960}}]]
On January 2, 1960, John F. Kennedy, then a U.S. senator from Massachusetts, announced his candidacy for the presidency at the [[Russell Senate Office Building]], and launched his campaign nationwide. In the early months of the election year, Jacqueline Kennedy accompanied her husband to campaign events such as whistle-stops and dinners.<ref>Spoto, p. 152.</ref> Shortly after the campaign began, she became pregnant. Due to her previous high-risk pregnancies, she decided to stay at home in Georgetown.<ref>Beasley, p. 72.</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Molly Meijer|last=Wertheime|title=Inventing a Voice: The Rhetoric of American First Ladies of the Twentieth Century|year=2004}}</ref> Jacqueline subsequently participated in the campaign by writing a weekly syndicated newspaper column, "Campaign Wife", answering correspondence, and giving interviews to the media.<ref name=jfklibrary/>

Despite her non-participation in the campaign, Kennedy became the subject of intense media attention with her fashion choices.<ref>{{cite news|title=Obituary: Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|last1=Mulvagh|first1=Jane|work=The Independent|date=May 20, 1994|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-jacqueline-kennedy-onassis-1437396.html|archive-date=October 20, 2020|access-date=September 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020235732/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-jacqueline-kennedy-onassis-1437396.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On one hand, she was admired for her personal style; she was frequently featured in women's magazines alongside film stars and named as one of the 12 best-dressed women in the world.<ref name=Beasleyfashion>Beasley, pp. 72–76.</ref> On the other hand, her preference for French designers and her spending on her wardrobe brought her negative press.<ref name=Beasleyfashion/> In order to downplay her wealthy background, Kennedy stressed the amount of work she was doing for the campaign and declined to publicly discuss her clothing choices.<ref name=Beasleyfashion/>

On July 13, at the [[1960 Democratic National Convention]] in Los Angeles, the party nominated John F. Kennedy for president. Jacqueline did not attend the nomination due to her pregnancy, which had been publicly announced ten days earlier.<ref name=Spoto155>Spoto, pp. 155–157.</ref> She was in Hyannis Port when she watched the September 26, 1960 [[1960 United States presidential debates|debate]]—which was the nation's first televised presidential debate—between her husband and Republican candidate [[Richard Nixon]], who was the incumbent vice president. Marian Cannon, the wife of Arthur Schlesinger, watched the debate with her. Days after the debates, Jacqueline Kennedy contacted Schlesinger and informed him that John wanted his aid along with that of [[John Kenneth Galbraith]] in preparing for the third debate on October 13; she wished for them to give her husband new ideas and speeches.<ref>Schlesinger, p. 69.</ref>{{which|date=June 2022}} On September 29, 1960, the Kennedys appeared together for a joint interview on ''[[Person to Person]]'', interviewed by [[Charles Collingwood (journalist)|Charles Collingwood]].<ref name=Spoto155/>

=== As first lady ===
[[File:JBKJFKMalraux.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Jacqueline and John F. Kennedy, [[André Malraux|André]] and Marie-Madeleine Malraux, [[Lyndon B. Johnson|Lyndon B.]] and [[Lady Bird Johnson]] prior to a dinner, May 1962. Jacqueline Kennedy is wearing a gown designed by [[Oleg Cassini]].<ref>Cassini, p. 153.</ref>]]
[[File:White House Dinner in honor of President of Tunisia. President Habib Bourguiba, Mrs. Bourguiba, Mrs. Kennedy... - NARA - 194199.jpg|thumb|right|upright|With Tunisian President [[Habib Bourguiba]]]] 
On November 8, 1960, John F. Kennedy narrowly defeated Republican opponent [[Richard Nixon]] in the [[1960 United States presidential election|U.S. presidential election]].<ref name=jfklibrary/> A little over two weeks later on November 25, Jacqueline Kennedy gave birth to the couple's first son, [[John F. Kennedy Jr.]]<ref name=jfklibrary/> She spent two weeks recuperating in the hospital, during which the most minute details of both her and her son's conditions were reported by the media in what has been considered the first instance of national interest in the Kennedy family.<ref>Spoto, p. 164.</ref>

Kennedy's husband was sworn in as president on January 20, 1961. At 31, Kennedy was the third youngest woman to serve as first lady, as well as the first [[Silent Generation]] first lady.<ref name=jfklibrary/> She insisted they also kept a family home away from the public eye and rented Glen Ora at [[Middleburg, Virginia|Middleburg]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://househistree.com/houses/glen-ora|title=The Story of the Glen Ora Estate|website=HouseHistree.com|access-date=February 1, 2021|archive-date=February 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205064620/https://househistree.com/houses/glen-ora|url-status=live}}</ref> As a presidential couple, the Kennedys differed from the Eisenhowers by their political affiliation, youth, and their relationship with the media. Historian [[Gil Troy]] has noted that in particular, they "emphasized vague appearances rather than specific accomplishments or passionate commitments" and therefore fit in well in the early 1960s' "cool, TV-oriented culture".<ref name="Beasley, p. 76">Beasley, p. 76.</ref> The discussion about Kennedy's fashion choices continued during her years in the White House, and she became a trendsetter, hiring American designer [[Oleg Cassini]] to design her wardrobe.<ref>Beasley, pp. 73– 74.</ref> She was the first presidential wife to hire a [[press secretary]], [[Pamela Turnure]], and carefully managed her contact with the media, usually shying away from making public statements, and strictly controlling the extent to which her children were photographed.<ref name="firstladies1">{{cite web |url=http://www.firstladies.org/facinatingfacts.aspx |title=Little-known facts about our First Ladies |publisher=Firstladies.org |access-date=July 7, 2015 |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714000059/http://www.firstladies.org/facinatingfacts.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=bimage>Beasley, pp. 78–83.</ref> The media portrayed Kennedy as the ideal woman, which led academic Maurine Beasley to observe that she "created an unrealistic media expectation for first ladies that would challenge her successors".<ref name=bimage/> Nevertheless, she attracted worldwide positive public attention and gained allies for the White House and international support for the Kennedy administration and its [[Cold War]] policies.<ref>Schwalbe, pp. 111–127.</ref>

Although Kennedy stated that her priority as a first lady was to take care of the President and their children, she also dedicated her time to the promotion of American arts and preservation of its history.<ref name=jfklibrarytwo>{{cite web|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/Jacqueline-Kennedy-in-the-White-House.aspx|title=Jacqueline Kennedy in the White House|publisher= The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum|access-date=April 11, 2016}}</ref><ref name=miller>{{cite web|url=http://millercenter.org/president/essays/kennedy-1961-firstlady |title=Jacqueline Kennedy — First Lady |publisher=[[Miller Center of Public Affairs]] |access-date=April 11, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406083214/http://millercenter.org/president/essays/kennedy-1961-firstlady |archive-date=April 6, 2016 }}</ref> The restoration of the White House was her main contribution, but she also furthered the cause by hosting social events that brought together elite figures from politics and the arts.<ref name=jfklibrarytwo/><ref name=miller/> One of her unrealized goals was to found a Department of the Arts, but she did contribute to the establishment of the [[National Endowment for the Arts]] and the [[National Endowment for the Humanities]], established during Johnson's tenure.<ref name=miller/>

==== White House restoration ====
[[File:Charles Collingwood murrow27s boys.jpg|thumb|left|Kennedy with [[Charles Collingwood (journalist)|Charles Collingwood]] of [[CBS News]] during [[A Tour of the White House with Mrs. John F. Kennedy|their televised tour]] of the restored [[White House]] in 1962]]

Kennedy had visited the White House on two occasions before she became first lady: the first time as a grade-school tourist in 1941 and again as the guest of outgoing First Lady [[Mamie Eisenhower]] shortly before her husband's inauguration.<ref name=jfklibrarytwo/> She was dismayed to find that the mansion's rooms were furnished with undistinguished pieces that displayed little historical significance<ref name=jfklibrarytwo/> and made it her first major project as first lady to restore its historical character. On her first day in residence, she began her efforts with the help of interior decorator [[Sister Parish]]. She decided to make the family quarters attractive and suitable for family life by adding a kitchen on the family floor and new rooms for her children. The $50,000 that had been appropriated for this effort was almost immediately exhausted. Continuing the project, she established a fine arts committee to oversee and fund the restoration process and solicited the advice of early American furniture expert [[Henry Francis du Pont|Henry du Pont]].<ref name=jfklibrarytwo/> To solve the funding problem, a White House guidebook was published, sales of which were used for the restoration.<ref name=jfklibrarytwo/> Working with [[Rachel Lambert Mellon]], Jacqueline Kennedy also oversaw the redesign and replanting of the [[White House Rose Garden|Rose Garden]] and the East Garden, which was renamed the [[Jacqueline Kennedy Garden]] after her husband's assassination. In addition, Kennedy helped to stop the destruction of historic homes in [[President's Park|Lafayette Square]] in Washington, D.C., because she felt these buildings were an important part of the nation's capital and played an essential role in its history. She helped to stop the destruction of historic buildings along the square, including the Renwick Building, now part of the Smithsonian Institution, and her support of historic preservation also reached beyond the United States as she brought international attention to the thirteenth-century B.C. temples of Abu Simbel that were in danger of being flooded by Egypt's Aswan Dam.<ref name=jfklibrarytwo/>

[[File:1962 White House Christmas Tree - John and Jacqueline Kennedy 1.jpg|right|thumb|John and Jacqueline Kennedy at Christmas 1961]]

Prior to Kennedy's years as first lady, presidents and their families had taken furnishings and other items from the White House when they departed; this led to the lack of original historical pieces in the mansion. She personally wrote to possible donors in order to track down these missing furnishings and other historical pieces of interest.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/428919/Jacqueline-Kennedy-Onassis|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=August 10, 2012|archive-date=June 22, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622095223/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/428919/Jacqueline-Kennedy-Onassis|url-status=live}}</ref> Jacqueline Kennedy initiated a Congressional bill establishing that White House furnishings would be the property of the [[Smithsonian Institution]] rather than available to departing ex-presidents to claim as their own. She also founded the [[White House Historical Association]], the [[Committee for the Preservation of the White House]], the position of a permanent [[Curator of the White House]], the [[White House Endowment Trust]], and the [[White House Acquisition Trust]].<ref name="DesigningCamelot" /> She was the first presidential spouse to hire a White House curator.<ref name="firstladies1"/>

On February 14, 1962, Jacqueline Kennedy, accompanied by Charles Collingwood of [[CBS News]], took American television viewers [[A Tour of the White House with Mrs. John F. Kennedy|on a tour of the White House]]. In the tour, she stated, "I feel so strongly that the White House should have as fine a collection of American pictures as possible. It's so important ... the setting in which the presidency is presented to the world, to foreign visitors. The American people should be proud of it. We have such a great civilization. So many foreigners don't realize it. I think this house should be the place we see them best."<ref name="DesigningCamelot">{{cite book|author1=Abbott, James |author2=Rice, Elaine |title=Designing Camelot: The Kennedy White House Restoration|publisher= Thomson |year=1997 | isbn = 978-0-442-02532-8 }}</ref> The film was watched by 56 million television viewers in the United States,<ref name=jfklibrarytwo/> and was later distributed to 106 countries. Kennedy won a special [[Academy of Television Arts & Sciences]] Trustees Award for it at the [[Emmy Awards]] in 1962, which was accepted on her behalf by [[Lady Bird Johnson]]. Kennedy was the only first lady to win an Emmy.<ref name="firstladies1"/>
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==== Foreign trips ====
[[File:Jacqueline Kennedy at Vijay Chowk, New Delhi.jpg|thumb|Jacqueline Kennedy at [[Vijay Chowk]] in [[New Delhi]] in March 1962]]

Jackie Kennedy was a cultural ambassador of the United States known for her cultural and diplomatic work globally and would travel sometimes without President Kennedy to different countries to promote cultural exchange and diplomatic relations. She was highly regarded by foreign dignitaries, as she used her fluency in foreign languages such as French, Spanish, and Italian, as well as her cultural knowledge, to establish strong relationships with foreign leaders and to give speeches. She was awarded the French Legion of Honor, the highest civilian award given by the French government, becoming the initial First Lady and first American woman to be such a recipient. Her role as a cultural ambassador had a significant impact on cultural diplomacy and helped strengthen ties between the United States and other countries.

Jacqueline's language skills and cultural knowledge were highly respected by the French people, and her visit to France with President Kennedy in 1961 was seen as a great success. During the visit, she made a speech in French at the American University in Paris, which was widely praised for its eloquence. In her speech, Jacqueline Kennedy spoke about the importance of cultural exchange between France and the United States, and she emphasized the shared values and history of the two nations.

Throughout her husband's presidency and more than any of the preceding first ladies, Kennedy made many official visits to other countries, on her own or with the President.<ref name="FirstLadies"/> Despite the initial worry that she might not have "political appeal", she proved popular among international dignitaries.<ref name="Beasley, p. 76"/> Before the Kennedys' first official visit to France in 1961, a television special was shot in French with the First Lady on the White House lawn. After arriving in the country, she impressed the public with her ability to speak French, as well as her extensive knowledge of French history.<ref name="Goodman">Goodman, Sidey and Baldrige, pp. 73–74.</ref> At the conclusion of the visit, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine seemed delighted with the First Lady and noted, "There was also that fellow who came with her." Even President Kennedy joked: "I am the man who accompanied Jacqueline Kennedy to Paris&nbsp;– and I have enjoyed it!"<ref

name="Time060961">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,938093,00.html|title=Nation: La Presidente|date=June 9, 1961|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=June 2, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204204752/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,938093,00.html|archive-date=February 4, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/06/03/archives/just-an-escort-kennedy-jokes-as-wifes-charm-enchants-paris-first.html|title=Just an Escort, Kennedy Jokes As Wife's Charm Enchants Paris; First Lady Wins Bouquets From Press – She Also Has Brief Chance to Visit Museum and Admire Manet|last=Blair|first=W. Grainger|date=June 3, 1961|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 16, 2015|archive-date=March 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318203807/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/06/03/archives/just-an-escort-kennedy-jokes-as-wifes-charm-enchants-paris-first.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

From France, the Kennedys traveled to Vienna, Austria, where [[Premier of the Soviet Union|Soviet Premier]] [[Nikita Khrushchev]] was asked to shake the President's hand for a photo. He replied, "I'd like to shake her hand first."<ref>{{cite book|author=Perry, Barbara A.|title=Jacqueline Kennedy: First Lady of the New Frontier|publisher=University Press of Kansas|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7006-1343-4|url=https://archive.org/details/jacquelinekenned00perr}}</ref> Khrushchev later sent her a puppy, [[Pushinka]]; the animal was significant for being the offspring of [[Soviet space dogs|Strelka]], the dog that had gone to space during a Soviet space mission.<ref>Meagher and Gragg, p. 83.</ref>
[[File:Jacqueline Kennedy at the Taj Mahal, 15 March 1962.jpg|thumb|Kennedy at the [[Taj Mahal]], [[Agra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]], March 1962]]
At the urging of U.S. Ambassador to India [[John Kenneth Galbraith]], Kennedy undertook a [[Jacqueline Kennedy's 1962 goodwill tour of India and Pakistan|tour of India and Pakistan]] with her sister Lee Radziwill in 1962. The tour was amply documented in photojournalism as well as in Galbraith's journals and memoirs. The president of Pakistan, [[Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)|Ayub Khan]], had given her a horse named [[Sardar (horse)|Sardar]] as a gift. He had found out on his visit to the White House that he and the First Lady had a common interest in horses.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2011/03/jackie-kennedy-adopts-sardar-march-23-1962-051743|title=Jackie Kennedy adopts Sardar, March 23, 1962|first=Andrew|last=Glass|date=March 23, 2011|work=Politico|archive-date=December 22, 2015|access-date=December 14, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222112052/http://www.politico.com/story/2011/03/jackie-kennedy-adopts-sardar-march-23-1962-051743|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Life'' magazine correspondent Anne Chamberlin wrote that Kennedy "conducted herself magnificently" although noting that her crowds were smaller than those that President [[Dwight Eisenhower]] and Queen [[Elizabeth II]] attracted when they had previously visited these countries.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2015/03/this-day-in-politics-march-12-1962-115982|title=Jacqueline Kennedy begins South Asia trip, March 12, 1962|first=Andrew|last=Glass|date=March 12, 2015|work=Politico|archive-date=November 17, 2015|access-date=November 15, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117025452/http://www.politico.com/story/2015/03/this-day-in-politics-march-12-1962-115982|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to these well-publicized trips during the three years of the Kennedy administration, she traveled to countries including [[Afghanistan]], Austria, Canada,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B04EFDC103DE733A2575BC1A9639C946091D6CF|title=Ottawa Reacts to Mrs. Kennedy With 'Special Glow of Warmth'; Prime Minister Hails Her at Parliament – Crowds Cheer Her at Horse Show and During Visit to Art Gallery|last=Long|first=Tania|date=May 1, 1961|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 16, 2015|archive-date=November 17, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033227/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B04EFDC103DE733A2575BC1A9639C946091D6CF|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Colombia]], United Kingdom, [[Greece]], [[Italy]], Mexico,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2015/03/24/2003614311|title=Pioneering aide to Jacqueline Kennedy dies|date=March 24, 2015|newspaper=Taipei Times}}</ref> [[Morocco]], [[Turkey]], and [[Venezuela]].<ref name="FirstLadies"/> Unlike her husband, Kennedy was fluent in Spanish, which she used to address Latin American audiences.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rabe|first1=Stephen G.|author-link=Stephen G. Rabe|title=The Most Dangerous Area in the World: John F. Kennedy Confronts Communist Revolution in Latin America|date=1999|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|location=Chapel Hill|isbn=0-8078-4764-X|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hVhuAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 1]}}</ref>

==== Death of infant son ====
{{main|Patrick Bouvier Kennedy}}
In early 1963, Kennedy was again pregnant, which led her to curtail her official duties. She spent most of the summer at a home she and the President had rented on Squaw Island, which was near the Kennedy compound on [[Cape Cod|Cape Cod, Massachusetts]]. On August 7 (five weeks ahead of her scheduled due date), she went into labor and gave birth to a boy, [[Patrick Bouvier Kennedy]], via emergency Caesarean section at nearby [[Otis Air Force Base]]. The infant's lungs were not fully developed, and he was transferred from Cape Cod to [[Boston Children's Hospital]], where he died of [[hyaline membrane disease]] two days after birth.<ref>{{cite book | author = Beschloss, Michael. | title = Historical Conversations on Life with John F. Kennedy | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-1-4013-2425-4 | url = https://archive.org/details/jacquelinekenned00jacq }}</ref><ref>Taraborrelli, J. Randy. ''Jackie, Ethel, Joan: Women of Camelot''. Warner Books: 2000. {{ISBN|978-0-446-52426-1}}</ref> Kennedy had remained at Otis Air Force Base to recuperate after the Caesarean delivery; her husband went to Boston to be with their infant son and was present when he died. On August 14, the President returned to Otis to take her home and gave an impromptu speech to thank nurses and airmen who had gathered in her suite. In appreciation, she presented hospital staff with framed and signed lithographs of the White House.<ref name=VanityFair>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/politics/2013/07/icebergs-jfk-jackie-death-patrick|first=Thurston|last=Clarke|title=A Death in the First Family|date=July 1, 2013|magazine=Vanity Fair|access-date=February 18, 2020|archive-date=December 27, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227061940/http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/2013/07/icebergs-jfk-jackie-death-patrick|url-status=live}}</ref>

The First Lady was deeply affected by Patrick's death<ref name=Levingston2013 /> and proceeded to enter a state of [[Depression (mood)|depression]].<ref name=Leaming120>Leaming (2014), pp. 120–122.</ref> However, the loss of their child had a positive impact on the marriage and brought the couple closer together in their shared grief.<ref name=Levingston2013>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/for-john-and-jackie-kennedy-the-death-of-a-son-may-have-brought-them-closer/2013/10/24/2506051e-369b-11e3-ae46-e4248e75c8ea_story.html|title=For John and Jackie Kennedy, the death of a son may have brought them closer|date=October 24, 2013|newspaper=The Washington Post|first=Steven|last=Levingston|access-date=October 17, 2015|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108131735/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/for-john-and-jackie-kennedy-the-death-of-a-son-may-have-brought-them-closer/2013/10/24/2506051e-369b-11e3-ae46-e4248e75c8ea_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Arthur Schlesinger wrote that while John Kennedy always "regarded Jackie with genuine affection and pride," their marriage "never seemed more solid than in the later months of 1963".<ref>Schlesinger, p. xiv</ref>{{which|date=June 2022}} Jacqueline Kennedy's friend [[Aristotle Onassis]] was aware of her depression and invited her to his yacht to recuperate. President Kennedy initially had reservations, but he relented because he believed that it would be "good for her". The trip was widely disapproved of within the Kennedy administration, by much of the general public, and in Congress. The First Lady returned to the United States on October 17, 1963. She would later say she regretted being away as long as she was but had been "melancholy after the death of my baby".<ref name=Leaming120/>