Editing Jack Kerouac (section)

===Later career: 1957–1969===
{{Conservatism US|expanded=Intellectuals}}In July 1957, Kerouac moved to a small house at 1418½ Clouser Avenue in the [[College Park (Orlando)|College Park]] section of Orlando, Florida, to await the release of ''On the Road''. Weeks later, a review of the book by Gilbert Millstein appeared in ''The New York Times'' proclaiming Kerouac the voice of a new generation.<ref name="nytreview">{{cite news
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/09/07/home/kerouac-roadglowing.html
|title=Books of the Times
|date=September 5, 1957
|first=Gilbert
|last=Millstein
|access-date=October 24, 2012
|newspaper=The New York Times
|archive-date=November 10, 2012
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110202842/http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/09/07/home/kerouac-roadglowing.html
|url-status=live
}}</ref> Kerouac was hailed as a major American writer. His friendship with [[Allen Ginsberg]], [[William S. Burroughs]] and [[Gregory Corso]], among others, became a notorious representation of the Beat Generation. The term Beat Generation was invented by Kerouac during a conversation held with fellow novelist [[Herbert Huncke]]. Huncke used the term "beat" to describe a person with little money and few prospects.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jack-Kerouac|title=Jack Kerouac {{!}} Biography & Facts|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=September 12, 2017|archive-date=August 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819143412/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jack-Kerouac|url-status=live}}</ref> Kerouac's fame came as an unmanageable surge that would ultimately be his undoing.

Kerouac's novel is often described as the defining work of the post-World War II Beat Generation and Kerouac came to be called "the king of the beat generation,"<ref name="King">{{cite news
|url=http://partners.nytimes.com/books/97/09/07/home/kerouac-conference.html
|title=Beat Generation Elders Meet to Praise Kerouac
|first=WIilliam E.
|last=Schmidt
|date=July 30, 1982
|access-date=December 16, 2008
|newspaper=The New York Times
|archive-date=August 8, 2008
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080808112334/http://partners.nytimes.com/books/97/09/07/home/kerouac-conference.html
|url-status=live
}}</ref> a term with which he never felt comfortable. He once observed, "I'm not a beatnik. I'm a Catholic", showing the reporter a painting of [[Pope Paul VI]] and saying, "You know who painted that? Me."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/09/07/home/kerouac-obit.html|title=Jack Kerouac, Novelist, Dead; Father of the Beat Generation|first=Joseph|last=Lelyveld|newspaper=The New York Times|date=October 22, 1969|access-date=February 22, 2017|archive-date=April 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421015018/http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/09/07/home/kerouac-obit.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The success of ''[[On the Road]]'' brought Kerouac instant fame. His celebrity status brought publishers desiring unwanted manuscripts that were previously rejected before its publication.<ref name="beatmuseum.org"/> After nine months, he no longer felt safe in public. He was badly beaten by three men outside the [[San Remo Cafe]] at 189 [[Bleecker Street]] in New York City one night. [[Neal Cassady]], possibly as a result of his new notoriety as the central character of the book, was set up and arrested for selling marijuana.<ref>{{harvnb|Suiter|2002|p=237}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Berrigan|1968|pp=19–20}}</ref>

In response, Kerouac chronicled parts of his own experience with Buddhism, as well as some of his adventures with [[Gary Snyder]] and other San Francisco–area poets, in ''[[The Dharma Bums]]'', set in California and [[Washington (state)|Washington]] and published in 1958. It was written in Orlando between November 26<ref name="suiter">{{harvnb|Suiter|2002|p=229}}</ref> and December 7, 1957.<ref>{{harvnb|Suiter|2002|p=233}}</ref> To begin writing ''Dharma Bums'', Kerouac typed onto a ten-foot length of teleprinter paper, to avoid interrupting his flow for paper changes, as he had done six years previously for ''On the Road''.<ref name="suiter"/>

Kerouac was demoralized by criticism of ''Dharma Bums'' from such respected figures in the American field of Buddhism as Zen teachers [[Ruth Fuller Sasaki]] and [[Alan Watts]]. He wrote to Snyder, referring to a meeting with [[D. T. Suzuki]], that "even Suzuki was looking at me through slitted eyes as though I was a monstrous imposter." He passed up the opportunity to reunite with Snyder in California, and explained to [[Philip Whalen]] "I'd be ashamed to confront you and Gary now I've become so decadent and drunk and don't give a shit. I'm not a Buddhist any more."<ref>{{harvnb|Suiter|2002|pp=242–243}}</ref> In further reaction to their criticism, he quoted part of Abe Green's café recitation, ''Thrasonical Yawning in the Abattoir of the Soul'': "A gaping, rabid congregation, eager to bathe, are washed over by the Font of Euphoria, and bask like protozoans in the celebrated light."

Kerouac used earnings from ''On the Road'' to purchase the first of three homes in [[Northport, New York]] — a wood-framed Victorian on Gilbert Street that he shared with his mother, Gabrielle. They moved there in March 1958 and stayed in Northport for six years, moving twice during that time.

Kerouac also wrote and narrated a beat movie titled ''[[Pull My Daisy]]'' (1959), directed by [[Robert Frank]] and [[Alfred Leslie]]. It starred poets [[Allen Ginsberg]] and [[Gregory Corso]], musician [[David Amram]] and painter [[Larry Rivers]] among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.photoeye.com/magazine/reviews/2008/05_21_pull_my_daisy.cfm|title=Is Pull My Daisy Holy?|date=August 8, 2008|access-date=September 13, 2013|first=John|last=Cohen|publisher=photo-eye Magazine|archive-date=September 28, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928194159/http://www.photoeye.com/magazine/reviews/2008/05_21_pull_my_daisy.cfm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Originally to be called ''The Beat Generation'', the title was changed at the last moment when [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]] released a [[The Beat Generation (film)|film by the same name]] in July 1959 that sensationalized beatnik culture.

The television series ''[[Route 66 (TV series)|Route 66]]'' (1960–1964), featuring two untethered young men "on the road" in a [[Chevrolet Corvette|Corvette]] seeking adventure and fueling their travels by apparently plentiful temporary jobs in the various U.S. locales framing the anthology-styled stories, gave the impression of being a commercially sanitized misappropriation of Kerouac's story model for ''On the Road''.<ref name="Southern Illinois University Press">{{cite book|last1=Mills|first1=Katie|title=The Road Story and the Rebel; Moving Through Film, Fiction and television|date=2006|publisher=Southern Illinois University Press|location=IL, USA|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KsfXQbGmBKsC&pg=PA76 |access-date=July 25, 2017|isbn=9780809388172}}</ref> Even the leads, Buz and Todd, bore a resemblance to the dark, athletic Kerouac and the blonde Cassady/Moriarty, respectively. Kerouac felt he'd been conspicuously ripped off by ''Route 66'' creator [[Stirling Silliphant]] and sought to sue him, CBS, the [[Screen Gems]] TV production company, and sponsor Chevrolet, but was somehow counseled against proceeding with what looked like a very potent cause of action.<ref name="Southern Illinois University Press"/>

John Antonelli's 1985 documentary ''Kerouac, the Movie'' begins and ends with footage of Kerouac reading from ''On the Road'' and ''[[Visions of Cody]]'' on ''[[The Steve Allen Show]]'' in November 1959.  In response to Allen's question "How would you define the word 'beat?{{'"}}, Kerouac responds "well ... ''sympathetic''."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3LLpNKo09Xk| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211029/3LLpNKo09Xk| archive-date=October 29, 2021|title=Jack Kerouac on The Steve Allen Plymouth Show (1959)| website=[[YouTube]]|date=November 13, 2008|access-date=October 22, 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

During the [[1964 United States presidential election]], [[Hunter S. Thompson]] noted that Kerouac was a staunch supporter of Republican Senator [[Barry Goldwater]]. An election won by a landslide by incumbent [[Lyndon B. Johnson]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.dk/books/edition/Kingdom_of_Fear/Kb3lH3N22B4C?hl=da&gbpv=1&dq=jack+kerouac+barry+goldwater&pg=PT36&printsec=frontcover |title=Kingdom of Fear|isbn=9780241958735|pages=384|last=S. Thompson| first=Hunter| date=November 24, 2011| publisher=Penguin Books Limited}}</ref>

In 1965, he met the poet [[Youenn Gwernig]] who was a [[Breton American]] like him in New York, and they became friends. Gwernig used to translate his Breton language poems into English so that Kerouac could read and understand them : "Meeting with Jack Kerouac in 1965, for instance, was a decisive turn. Since he could not speak Breton he asked me: 'Would you not write some of your poems in English? I'd really like to read them ! ... ' So I wrote an Diri Dir – Stairs of Steel for him, and kept on doing so. That's why I often write my poems in Breton, French and English."<ref>''Un dornad plu'', Youenn Gwernig, Al Liamm, 1997, page 10.</ref>

During these years, Kerouac suffered the loss of his older sister to a heart attack in 1964 and his mother suffered a paralyzing stroke in 1966. Kerouac moved in with his mother in [[Hyannis, Massachusetts|Hyannis]], Massachusetts, for almost a year in 1966.<ref>{{Cite web |title=On the Cape with Jack Kerouac |url=https://www.providencejournal.com/story/entertainment/books/2019/11/28/on-cape-with-jack-kerouac/2192896007/ |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=The Providence Journal |language=en-US |archive-date=February 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201184759/https://www.providencejournal.com/story/entertainment/books/2019/11/28/on-cape-with-jack-kerouac/2192896007/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1968, Neal Cassady also died while in Mexico.<ref>[[Douglas Brinkley|Brinkley, Douglas]], ed. ''Kerouac: Road Novels 1957–1960''. New York: The Library of America, 2007. pp. 844–45.</ref>

Despite the role which his literary work played in inspiring the counterculture movement of the 1960s, Kerouac was openly critical of it.<ref name=hippiehate /> Arguments over the movement, which Kerouac believed was only an excuse to be "spiteful," also resulted in him splitting with Ginsberg by 1968.<ref>Gore Vidal quotes Ginsberg speaking of Kerouac: "'You know around 1968, when we were all protesting the Vietnam War, Jack wrote me that the war was just an excuse for 'you Jews to be spiteful again.'" Gore Vidal, ''Palimpsest: A Memoir'', 1995, {{ISBN|0-679-44038-0}}.</ref>

Also in 1968, Kerouac last appeared on television, for ''[[Firing Line (TV series)|Firing Line]]'', produced and hosted by [[William F. Buckley Jr.]] (a friend of his from college). Seemingly intoxicated, he affirmed his Catholicism and talked about the [[counterculture of the 1960s]].<ref name=hippiehate>{{cite web |url=http://faculty.uml.edu/sgallagher/Buckley.html |title=Digital Beats : Jack Kerouac |publisher=Faculty.uml.edu |access-date=November 21, 2013 |archive-date=January 18, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118221702/http://faculty.uml.edu/sgallagher/Buckley.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>