Editing Iwo Jima (section)

====Witnessed====
*1543: Commanding the {{lang|es|San Juan de Letrán}}, the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] [[list of maritime explorers|explorer]] [[Bernardo de la Torre]] almost certainly sighted Iwo Jima and the other [[Volcano Islands]]{{sfnp|Welsch|2004|pp=114–115}} at some point between September 25 and October 2 while making another failed attempt to sail east across the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] from the [[Spanish Philippines|Philippines]] to [[Viceroyalty of New Spain|New Spain]].{{sfnp|Welsch|2004|p=111}} (No attempt would be successful until 1565.){{sfnp|Welsch|2004|p=110}} Attempting to secure reinforcements for [[Ruy López de Villalobos]] when [[Filipinos|Filipino]] resistance proved unexpectedly strong,{{sfnp|Welsch|2004|p=110}} De la Torre apparently passed the islands during an [[volcanic eruption|eruption]] on [[South Iwo Jima]],{{sfnp|Welsch|2004|p=115}} realized his supply of water would be insufficient for completing his mission, and returned south to rendezvous with López de Villalobos in the [[Moluccas]].<ref name=Welsch>{{cite journal|last=Welsch |first=Bernhard |date=June 2004|title=Was Marcus Island Discovered by Bernardo de la Torre in 1543? |journal=Journal of Pacific History |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=109–122 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |location=Milton Park |doi=10.1080/00223340410001684886 |jstor=25169675 |s2cid=219627973 }}.</ref> Over the next century, other Spanish sailors passed the islands{{mdash}}particularly once [[Alonso de Arellano]] found a safe northeastern route back to [[Spanish Mexico|Mexico]] from the Philippines{{mdash}}without settling or formally claiming them. The Volcano Islands did, however, form part of the notional boundaries between the Spanish and [[Portuguese Empire]]s in the [[Eastern Hemisphere]] following the [[treaty of Tordesillas|treaties of Tordesillas]] and [[Treaty of Zaragoza|Zaragoza]], such that the Spanish considered them within their sphere of influence.
*15 November 1779: Following [[British Empire|British]] captain [[James Cook]]'s death on [[Kingdom of Hawaii|Hawaii]], ships previously under his command landed on Iwo Jima during the return voyage from [[Third voyage of James Cook|his 3rd expedition]].<ref name=borkborkbork>Patrick, John M. ''Iwo Jima – Sulphur Island.'' United States Naval Institute Proceedings 76, no. 9 (September 1950): 1028-1029.</ref> Under [[James King (Royal Navy officer)|James King]] and [[John Gore (Royal Navy officer, died 1790)|John Gore]], the expedition's surveying crew mapped the island, recording a beach at sea level which was {{cvt|40|m|ft|0|sp=us}} above [[sea level]] by 2015 due to volcanic uplifting.<ref name=ap/> Such uplifting occurs on the island at a varying rate of between {{cvt|100|and|800|mm|in|sp=us}} per year, with an average rate of {{cvt|200|mm|in|0|sp=us}} per year.<ref>US Geophysics Research Forum, Geophysic Study Committee. [https://books.google.com/books?id=qaz9KnE2lxQC&pg=PA104 ''Active Tectonics'', p. 104.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826074114/https://books.google.com/books?id=qaz9KnE2lxQC&pg=PA104 |date=August 26, 2016 }} National Academies Press, 1986. {{ISBN|0-309-03638-0}}</ref> Gore's visit was sometimes misunderstood or misrepresented as a new discovery, as in the report in the December 1786 supplement to ''The New London Magazine'': {{Blockquote|text=“On the 14th [of October 1779], they discovered an island, about five miles long, lying in lat. 24d. 48m. long. 141d. 12m. On the south point of this is a high barren hill, which evidently presented a volcanic crater. The earth, rock, or sand (for it was not easy to distinguish of which its surface is composed) exhibited various colours; and a considerable part was conjectured to be sulphur, both from its appearance to the eye, and the strong sulphureous smell, perceived as they approached the point; and some thought they saw steams rising from the top of the hill. From these circumstances, Captain Gore gave it name of Sulphur Island.”<ref>“''Captain Cook’s third and last Voyage to the Pacific Ocean”'', ''The New London Magazine,'' Supplement to Vol.II, No.2, December 1786, p.697.</ref>}}
*Early 1945: United States armed forces landed on a beach which by 2015 was {{cvt|17|m|ft}} above sea level due to volcanic uplift.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://volcanocafe.wordpress.com/2013/06/30/brimstone-over-iwo-jima/ |title=Brimstone over Iwo Jima! |author=Carllestrange |date=June 30, 2013 |publisher=VolcanoCafé |access-date=May 28, 2017 |archive-date=December 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221070521/https://volcanocafe.wordpress.com/2013/06/30/brimstone-over-iwo-jima/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
*28 March 1957: A [[phreatic eruption]] occurred without warning {{Convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on}} northeast of Suribachi, lasting 65 minutes and ejecting material {{Convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on}} high from one crater. Another crater, {{Convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on}} wide and {{Convert|15|m|ft|abbr=on}} deep, formed by collapse 50 minutes after the eruption ended.
*9–10 March 1982: Five phreatic eruptions occurred from vents on the northwest shore of the island.{{Citation needed|date=May 2019}}
*21 September 2001: A submarine eruption began from three vents southeast of Iwo-jima. It built a {{Convert|10|m|ft|abbr=on}} diameter [[pyroclastic cone]].<ref name=":0" />
*October 2001: A small phreatic eruption at Idogahama (a beach on the northwest coast of the island) made a crater {{Convert|10|m|ft|abbr=on}} wide and {{convert|2|-|3|m|ft}} deep.<ref name=":0" />
*May 2012: [[Fumarole]]s, and discolored patches of seawater were seen northeast of the island, indicating further submarine activity.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/iwo-jima_ioto-eruptions.html |title=Iwo-jima volcano eruptions |publisher=VolcanoDiscovery.com |access-date=2016-06-10 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816104107/https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/iwo-jima_ioto-eruptions.html |archive-date=2016-08-16}}</ref>
*May to June 2013: Series of smaller volcanic earthquakes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Report on Kikai (Japan) — 29 May—4 June 2013|url=https://volcano.si.edu/showreport.cfm?doi=GVP.WVAR20130529-282060 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202223556/https://volcano.si.edu/showreport.cfm?doi=GVP.WVAR20130529-282060 |archive-date=2 February 2021 |access-date=2021-01-29 |website=volcano.si.edu|date=2013|editor-last=Sennert|editor-first=Sally|editor-link=Sally Kuhn Sennert|author=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=Smithsonian Institution and US Geological Survey}}</ref>
*April 2018: A number of volcanic earthquakes, high white plumes up to {{Convert|700|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Report on Kikai (Japan) — 25 April—1 May 2018|url=https://volcano.si.edu/showreport.cfm?doi=GVP.WVAR20180425-282060 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202160017/https://volcano.si.edu/showreport.cfm?doi=GVP.WVAR20180425-282060 |archive-date=2 February 2021 |access-date=2021-01-29 |website=volcano.si.edu|date=2018|editor-last=Sennert|editor-first=Sally|editor-link=Sally Kuhn Sennert|author=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=Smithsonian Institution and US Geological Survey}}</ref>
*30 October to 5 November 2019: Volcanic quakes and subaerial eruption.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Report on Kikai (Japan) — 30 October—5 November 2019 |url=https://volcano.si.edu/showreport.cfm?doi=GVP.WVAR20191030-282060 |access-date=2021-01-29 |website=volcano.si.edu |archive-date=2021-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330073329/https://volcano.si.edu/showreport.cfm?doi=GVP.WVAR20191030-282060 |url-status=live|date=2019|editor-last=Sennert|editor-first=Sally|editor-link=Sally Kuhn Sennert|author=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=Smithsonian Institution and US Geological Survey}}</ref>
*29 April to 5 May 2020: Subaerial eruption and volcanic plume rising up to {{Convert|1|km|mi|abbr=on}} in height.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Report on Kikai (Japan) — 29 April—5 May 2020|url=https://volcano.si.edu/showreport.cfm?doi=GVP.WVAR20200429-282060 |access-date=2021-01-29 |website=volcano.si.edu |archive-date=2021-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401165755/https://volcano.si.edu/showreport.cfm?doi=GVP.WVAR20200429-282060 |url-status=live|date=2020|editor-last=Sennert|editor-first=Sally|editor-link=Sally Kuhn Sennert|author=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=Smithsonian Institution and US Geological Survey}}</ref>
*8 September to 6 October 2020: Volcanic plume up to {{Convert|1|km|mi|abbr=on}} in height and a minor eruption.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Report on Kikai (Japan) — 8 September—14 September 2020|url=https://volcano.si.edu/showreport.cfm?doi=GVP.WVAR20200908-282060 |access-date=2021-01-29 |website=volcano.si.edu |archive-date=2021-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207215136/https://volcano.si.edu/showreport.cfm?doi=GVP.WVAR20200908-282060 |url-status=live|date=2020|editor-last=Sennert|editor-first=Sally|editor-link=Sally Kuhn Sennert|author=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=Smithsonian Institution and US Geological Survey}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Report on Kikai (Japan) — 30 September—6 October 2020|url=https://volcano.si.edu/showreport.cfm?doi=GVP.WVAR20200930-282060 |access-date=2021-01-29 |website=volcano.si.edu |archive-date=2021-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202084125/https://volcano.si.edu/showreport.cfm?doi=GVP.WVAR20200930-282060 |url-status=live|date=2020|editor-last=Sennert|editor-first=Sally|editor-link=Sally Kuhn Sennert|author=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=Smithsonian Institution and US Geological Survey}}</ref>
*24 November 2021: Small phreatic eruption occurred with the ash plume height yet to be known.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iwo-jima volcano (Japan): small phreatic explosion |url=https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/view_news/148821/Iwo-jima-volcano-Japan-small-phreatic-explosion.html |access-date=2021-11-28 |website=www.volcanodiscovery.com |language=en |archive-date=2021-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128112323/https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/view_news/148821/Iwo-jima-volcano-Japan-small-phreatic-explosion.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Volcanic island on the rise ESA25348654.jpg|thumb|Aerial view showing the location of 'Niijima' off of Iwoto from the ESA [[Sentinel-2|Copernicus Sentinel-2]] satellite]]
On 11 July 2022, the first magmatic eruption in over 1000 years began just offshore. The article was cited as saying "Officials of the [[National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience|National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED)]] visited the site between July 12 and July 15 and observed volcanic eruptions every five minutes, which created water columns tens of meters high and spewed black smoke. The officials also observed many rocks that had washed ashore on the coast of Iwoto island. There were small cavities inside the rocks. The officials believe they are cooled lava, formed after magma has erupted, quickly cooled and solidified. The temperature on the inside of some of the rocks was as high as 120 degrees, according to the officials."<ref>{{cite news|last=Kurosawa|first=Tairiku|title=Eruption of magma off Iwoto island seen as 1st in 1,000 years|date=9 August 2022|access-date=2 May 2023|url=https://www.asahi.com/sp/ajw/articles/14691028|work=[[The Asahi Shimbun]]}}</ref>

At the beginning of November 2023, a series of continuous eruptions of material resulted in a new islet breaking the surface and beginning to grow.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kurosawa|first=Tairiku|title=Violent eruptions still continuing off the coast of Iwoto island|date=4 November 2023|access-date=5 November 2023|url=https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/15048458|work=[[The Asahi Shimbun]]}}</ref> Following continuous volcanic activity since the initial eruption the island now dubbed Niijima, Japanese for 'new island', has continued to grow and is now visible from space.<ref name="ESA">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-04 |title=Volcanic island on the rise |url=https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2023/12/Volcanic_island_on_the_rise |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=European Space Agency}}</ref>