Editing Isoleucine (section)

=== Insulin resistance ===
Isoleucine, like other [[Branched-chain amino acid|branched-chain amino acids]], is associated with insulin resistance: higher levels of isoleucine are observed in the blood of diabetic mice, rats, and humans.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lynch CJ, Adams SH | title = Branched-chain amino acids in metabolic signalling and insulin resistance | journal = Nature Reviews. Endocrinology | volume = 10 | issue = 12 | pages = 723–736 | date = December 2014 | pmid = 25287287 | pmc = 4424797 | doi = 10.1038/nrendo.2014.171 }}</ref> In diet-induced obese and insulin resistant mice, a diet with decreased levels of isoleucine (with or without the other branched-chain amino acids) results in reduced adiposity and improved insulin sensitivity.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cummings NE, Williams EM, Kasza I, Konon EN, Schaid MD, Schmidt BA, Poudel C, Sherman DS, Yu D, Arriola Apelo SI, Cottrell SE, Geiger G, Barnes ME, Wisinski JA, Fenske RJ, Matkowskyj KA, Kimple ME, Alexander CM, Merrins MJ, Lamming DW | display-authors = 6 | title = Restoration of metabolic health by decreased consumption of branched-chain amino acids | journal = The Journal of Physiology | volume = 596 | issue = 4 | pages = 623–645 | date = February 2018 | pmid = 29266268 | pmc = 5813603 | doi = 10.1113/JP275075 }}</ref><ref name="Yu_2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yu D, Richardson NE, Green CL, Spicer AB, Murphy ME, Flores V, Jang C, Kasza I, Nikodemova M, Wakai MH, Tomasiewicz JL, Yang SE, Miller BR, Pak HH, Brinkman JA, Rojas JM, Quinn WJ, Cheng EP, Konon EN, Haider LR, Finke M, Sonsalla M, Alexander CM, Rabinowitz JD, Baur JA, Malecki KC, Lamming DW | display-authors = 6 | title = The adverse metabolic effects of branched-chain amino acids are mediated by isoleucine and valine | journal = Cell Metabolism | volume = 33 | issue = 5 | pages = 905–922.e6 | date = May 2021 | pmid = 33887198 | pmc = 8102360 | doi = 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.03.025 }}</ref> Reduced dietary levels of isoleucine are required for the beneficial metabolic effects of a [[Low-protein diet|low protein diet]].<ref name="Yu_2021" /> In humans, a protein restricted diet lowers blood levels of isoleucine and decreases fasting blood glucose levels.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fontana L, Cummings NE, Arriola Apelo SI, Neuman JC, Kasza I, Schmidt BA, Cava E, Spelta F, Tosti V, Syed FA, Baar EL, Veronese N, Cottrell SE, Fenske RJ, Bertozzi B, Brar HK, Pietka T, Bullock AD, Figenshau RS, Andriole GL, Merrins MJ, Alexander CM, Kimple ME, Lamming DW | display-authors = 6 | title = Decreased Consumption of Branched-Chain Amino Acids Improves Metabolic Health | journal = Cell Reports | volume = 16 | issue = 2 | pages = 520–530 | date = July 2016 | pmid = 27346343 | pmc = 4947548 | doi = 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.05.092 }}</ref> Mice fed a low isoleucine diet are leaner, live longer, and are less frail.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Green CL, Trautman ME, Chaiyakul K, Jain R, Alam YH, Babygirija R, Pak HH, Sonsalla MM, Calubag MF, Yeh CY, Bleicher A, Novak G, Liu TT, Newman S, Ricke WA, Matkowskyj KA, Ong IM, Jang C, Simcox J, Lamming DW | display-authors = 6 | title = Dietary restriction of isoleucine increases healthspan and lifespan of genetically heterogeneous mice | journal = Cell Metabolism | volume = 35 | issue = 11 | pages = 1976–1995.e6 | date = November 2023 | pmid = 37939658 | pmc = 10655617 | doi = 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.10.005 }}</ref> In humans, higher dietary levels of isoleucine are associated with greater [[body mass index]].<ref name="Yu_2021" />