Editing Inline skates (section)

===Further development of inline skates===

{{multiple image
 | direction = vertical
 | width = 220
 | image1 = Peck n Snyder-American Parlor or Floor Skates-page 46-Encyclopedia n Price List-1873-Skate Only.png
 | caption1 = Peck & Snynder - 1873
 | image2 = Edwards n Koerner-London-1893-Brakes for roller skates-Patent Drawing-Original.png
 | caption2 = Skate brake - Edwards 1893
}}

Plimpton's two-by-two roller skates took the limelight starting in 1863 and held it for more than a century. But inventors and enterprises continued to bring new roller skates with a single line of wheels to the market, under Plimpton's shadow.<ref name="museum-of-roller-skating-history-of-inline"/> For instance, in 1873, Peck & Snyder advertised "parlor or floor skates" with 4 rubber wheels in a single line. These skates had not yet incorporated ball bearings.<ref>{{cite book
|url=https://archive.org/details/pecksnydersencyc00peck/page/n45/mode/1up
|title=Peck & Snyder's Encyclopædia and Price List
|location=New York
|publisher=Peck & Snyder
|year=1873
|access-date=2024-12-14
|quote=Drawing of a parlor or floor skate
|quote-page=46
}}</ref> They closely resembled skates advertised in 1861, which were based on Reuben Shaler's 1860 patent.<ref>{{cite news
|author=<!--not stated-->
|date=1861-04-30
|title=Shaler's Flexible Roller Patent Floor Skates
|url=https://archive.org/details/FrankLesliesIllustratedNewspaperapril301861/page/n14/mode/1up
|location=New York
|access-date=2024-12-15
}}</ref>

Early roller skaters were preoccupied with avoiding rolling backward. E. Edwards and H. Koerner patented heel brakes in 1893 that prevented a single-line roller skate from rolling backward. To brake, a rubber ball was jammed against a rear wheel covered with rubber tire. This skate did not claim its straps, ankle support, or two-wheel configuration, as those preexisted.<ref name="patents-abridged-1893-to-1896">{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ksw6AQAAMAAJ&pg=PR1
|title=Patents for inventions: Abridgments of specifications
|volume=23: Toys, Games and Exercises - A.D. 1893-1896
|pages=Page 6 on Edwards/Koerner patent No. 1584, and page 55 on Sherrif/Anderson patent No. 18733
|location=London
|publisher=Commissioners of Patents
|year=1899
|access-date=2024-12-07
}}</ref>{{rp|6}}

{{multiple image
 | direction = vertical
 | width = 220
 | image1 = Pneumatic Road Skate Ad-Figure and Fancy Skating-1895-Skate only.png
 | caption1 = Pneumatic road skate - 1895
 | image2 = Peck n Snyders Racing Roller Skate Ad-Spaldings Official Ice Hockey Guide-1904-Skate only.png
 | caption2 = Racing Roller Skates - 1904
}}

Many single-line roller skates during this period had two wheels. In 1895, the Pneumatic Road Skate Company in London took out a full-page advertisement in the book ''Figure and Fancy Skating'', showing a road skate with two wheels, each covered in hollow rubber tires modeled after bicycle tires. This skate closely resembled the skate shown in the Edwards/Koerner patent. Both provided similar ankle support that was popular at the time.<ref>{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iPMWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT2
|title=Figure and Fancy Skating
|location=London
|publisher=Bliss, Sands, and Foster
|year=1895
|first1=George A.
|last1=Meagher
|access-date=2024-12-07
}}</ref> These single-line skates were purported to allow easy turning of skates, without needing the rocking and canting mechanism from Plimpton's roller skates. They were advertised as "road" skates with ball bearings, and were hyped as having great military utilities for moving troops. The company performed a public demonstration before its public offering.<ref>{{cite magazine
| author      = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->
| title       = Some Press opinions on the exhibition of he Pneumatic Road Skate at the recent Stanley Show
| url         = https://books.google.com/books?id=02FJAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA152
| magazine    = To-Day
| volume      = 9
| page        = 152
| editor1-first = Jerome K.
| editor1-last  = Jerome
| location    = London
| publisher   = Howard House
| year        = 1896
| access-date = 2024-11-24
}}</ref>

Across the Atlantic Ocean in America in 1904, [[Andrew Peck (businessman)|Peck & Snyder Sporting Goods]], which was acquired by [[Spalding (company)|A.G. Spalding & Brothers]], advertised Racing Roller Skates with two wheels, each mounted with tempered steel ball bearings and supported by a rubber tire.<ref>{{cite book
|url=https://archive.org/details/howtobecomeskate01toom/page/n147/mode/1up
|title=How to Become a Skater: containing full instructions for excelling at figure and speed skating
|quote=Ad for Peck & Snyder's Racing Roller Skate
|quote-page=147
|location=New York
|publisher=American Sports Publishing Company
|year=1904
|access-date=2024-12-01
}}</ref> These closely resembled the Pneumatic Road Skates design. However, the American versions replaced the ankle support with a strap, now known as the 45° strap in modern inline skates.<ref>{{cite book
|url=https://archive.org/details/officialrulesfor00newy/page/n119/mode/1up
|title=Spalding's Official Ice Hockey Guide
|quote=Ad for Peck & Snyder's Racing Roller Skate and Climax Skate
|quote-page=119
|location=New York
|publisher=American Sports Publishing Company
|year=1904
|first1=Arthur
|last1=Farrell
|access-date=2024-12-01
}}</ref>{{efn-ua|Some of these pneumatic skates from Peck & Snyder still exist. See auction pictures from 2018, archived as [https://web.archive.org/web/20241201033014/https://image.invaluable.com/housePhotos/onesourceauctions/14/636414/H4367-L159470427.JPG side view] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20241201033039/https://image.invaluable.com/housePhotos/onesourceauctions/14/636414/H4367-L159470430.JPG bottom view].}} Many companies produced similar road skates in this period, often called "automobile cycle skates", after the pneumatic tires. For instance, John Jay Young was granted patents for steel-tired wheels as early as 1872.<ref>{{Cite patent
|country=US
|number=133738
|gdate=1872-12-10
|title=Constructing Steel-Tired Cast Wheels
|inventor1-first=John Jay
|inventor1-last=Young
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite patent
|country=US
|number=133739
|gdate=1872-12-10
|title=Improvement in Steel Tires
|inventor1-first=John Jay
|inventor1-last=Young
}}</ref> However, by 1905 he was selling skates with pneumatic wheels instead.{{efn-ua|See pictures of John Jay Young Automobile Cycle Skates from [https://www.ebay.com/itm/355881868186 an eBay auction], archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20241205005943/https://www.ebay.com/itm/355881868186 here], with [https://web.archive.org/web/20241205005944/https://i.ebayimg.com/images/g/tYcAAOSwi6FmicZW/s-l1600.webp front/top views] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20241214061437/https://i.ebayimg.com/images/g/E6wAAOSwwZhmicaY/s-l1600.webp bottom view].}} The Cycle Skate and Sporting Goods Company also sold these skates in 1906.<ref>{{cite magazine
| author      = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->
| url         = https://books.google.com/books?id=-qVyf38tnkMC&pg=PA818
| title       = Ad from Cycle Skate and Sporting Goods Co.
| magazine    = The Literary Digest
| volume      = 32: covering Jan 1906 - June 1906
| page        = 818
| location    = New York
| publisher   = Funk & Wagnalls Company
| year        = 1906
| access-date = 2024-11-24
}}</ref>

{{multiple image
 | direction = vertical
 | width = 220
 | image1 = A Sherrif and R Anderson-1893-Skate with stock below centers of wheels-Patent Drawing.png
 | caption1 = Sherrif/Anderson skate - 1893
 | image2 = Augustus Nichols Lindsley-1899-Road Skate with adjustable telescopic stock-Patent Drawing-Rearranged.png
 | caption2 = Lindsley road skate - 1899
}}

Another popular two-wheeled skate set the foot stand below the centers of wheels. This required that the wheels be placed in front of and behind the foot stand. In 1893, the first patent describing this design configuration was granted to A. Sherrif and R. Anderson.<ref name="patents-abridged-1893-to-1896"/> In 1899, Augustus Nichols Lindsley was issued the first patent for a telescopic stock for this type of skate, to accommodate different foot sizes. The design employed T-shaped tubing for the telescopic connections.<ref>{{Cite patent
|country=US
|number=622815
|gdate=1899-04-11
|title=Road Skate
|inventor1-first=Augustus Nichols
|inventor1-last=Lindsley
}}</ref> In 1903, Benjamin S Peard filed a patent application on a wheel hub with spokes and fillets to reduce weight while still providing rigidity and strength. The Peard wheel was particularly suited for this skate design.<ref>{{Cite patent
|country=US
|number=801263
|gdate=1905-10-10
|fdate=1903-09-19
|title=Wheels for roller skates
|inventor1-first=Benjamin S
|inventor1-last=Peard
}}</ref>

By 1906, Cycle Skate and Sporting Goods Co. began selling road skates that combined features from Sherif/Anderson (low foot stand), Lindsley (adjustable stock), and Peard (wheels with hub and spokes).<ref>{{cite magazine
| author      = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->
| title       = Ad from Cycle Skate and Sporting Goods Co
| url         = https://books.google.com/books?id=hZk7AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA16
| magazine    = Hardware
| volume      = 33
| page        = 16: from May 10th, 1906
| year        = 1906
| access-date = 2024-12-14
}}</ref> In 1912, John Jay Young followed suit and began selling similar skates.<ref>{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tsopAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA5-PA78
|title=Increasing Demand for Roller Skates
|location=New York
|publisher=R. G. Dun & Co
|year=1912
|volume=19
|access-date=2024-12-14
|quote-page=78
}}</ref>{{efn-ua|See auction pictures of John Jay Young Automobile Road Skates from [https://thecabe.com/forum/threads/ca-1905-john-jay-young-automobile-cycle-skates.203653/ this listing] and [https://thecabe.com/forum/threads/automobile-skate-roller-skate.169662/ this listing] from an antique exchange, archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20221203102039/https://thecabe.com/forum/threads/ca-1905-john-jay-young-automobile-cycle-skates.203653/ here] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20241205013743/https://thecabe.com/forum/threads/automobile-skate-roller-skate.169662/ here]. Also see [https://www.ebay.com/itm/152618844297 this eBay listing] with [https://i.ebayimg.com/images/g/hm0AAOSwGBtZY7Qh/s-l1600.webp this archived image].
}} These were marketed as "Automobile Road Skates" in 1913 and beyond.<ref>{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=12M3AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA16-IA7
|title=Ad from John Jay Young on various roller skates
|location=New York
|publisher=Newspaper Enterprise Association
|year=1913
|access-date=2024-12-14
}}</ref>