Editing Industrial espionage (section)

== History ==

===Origins===
[[File:Lettre du pere Entrecolles 1712 du Halde 1735.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|The work of a European priest, Father [[Francois Xavier d'Entrecolles]] to reveal to Europe the manufacturing methods of [[Chinese porcelain]] in 1712, is sometimes considered an early case of industrial espionage.{{sfn|Rowe|Brook|2009|p=84}}]]
Economic and industrial espionage has a long history. Father [[Francois Xavier d'Entrecolles]], who visited [[Jingdezhen]], [[China]] in 1712 and later used this visit to reveal the manufacturing methods of [[Chinese porcelain]] to Europe, is sometimes considered to have conducted an early case of industrial espionage.{{sfn|Rowe|Brook|2009|p=84}}

Historical accounts have been written of industrial espionage between [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and [[France]].{{sfn|Harris|1998|p=7}} Attributed to [[Great Britain|Britain's]] emergence as an "industrial creditor", the second decade of the [[18th century]] saw the emergence of a large-scale state-sponsored effort to surreptitiously take British [[industrial technology]] to France.{{sfn|Harris|1998|p=7}} [[Witness]]es confirmed both the [[Persuasion|inveigling]] of [[tradesperson]]s abroad and the placing of [[Apprenticeship|apprentices]] in England.{{sfn|Harris|1998|p=9}} Protests by those such as [[ironworker]]s in [[Sheffield]] and [[steel]]workers in [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]],{{Clarify|date=November 2011|reason=was it iron/steelworkers, or their employers, who were protesting?}} about skilled [[Proletariat|industrial workers]] being enticed abroad, led to the first [[England|English]] [[legislation]] aimed at preventing this method of economic and industrial espionage.{{sfn|Harris|1998|p=8}}{{sfn|Harris|1998|p=9}} This did not prevent [[Samuel Slater]] from bringing British textile technology to the [[United States]] in 1789. In order to catch up with technological advances of European powers, the US government in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries actively encouraged intellectual piracy.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ben-Atar|first1=Doron|title=Trade Secrets: Intellectual Piracy and the Origins of American Industrial Power|date=2004|publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=9780300100068}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Spies Who Launched America's Industrial Revolution|url=https://www.history.com/news/industrial-revolution-spies-europe|website=www.history.com|date=10 January 2019 }}</ref>

American founding father and first [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|U.S. Treasury Secretary]] [[Alexander Hamilton]] advocated rewarding those bringing "improvements and secrets of extraordinary value"<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hamilton|first1=Alexander|title=Report on manufactures. United States|date=1791}}</ref> into the United States. This was instrumental in making the United States a haven for industrial spies.

===20th century===
East-West commercial development opportunities after [[World War I]] saw a rise in [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] interest in [[Manufacturing in the United States|American]] and [[Economy of Europe|European]] [[manufacturing]] know-how, exploited by [[Amtorg Trading Corporation|Amtorg Corporation]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Zelchenko|first=Henry L.|date=Feb 1952|title=Stealing America's Know-How: The Story of Amtorg|journal=American Mercury|volume=74|issue=338|pages=75–84}}</ref> Later, with Western restrictions on the [[export]] of items thought likely to increase military capabilities to the [[USSR]], Soviet industrial espionage was a well known adjunct to other spying activities up until the 1980s.{{sfn|Hanson|1987}} ''[[BYTE]]'' reported in April 1984, for example, that although the Soviets sought to develop their own [[microelectronics]], their technology appeared to be several years behind the [[Western world|West's]]. Soviet [[Central processing unit|CPUs]] required multiple [[Integrated circuit|chips]] and appeared to be close or exact copies of American products such as the [[Intel 3000]] and [[LSI-11|DEC LSI-11/2]].<ref name="heuertz198404">{{cite news|author=Heuertz, Ruth|date=April 1984|title=Soviet Microprocessors and Microcomputers|pages=348|work=BYTE|url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1984-04/1984_04_BYTE_09-04_Real-World_Interfacing#page/n349/mode/2up|access-date=23 October 2013}}</ref>{{Efn|These technologies, however, wren't streamlined or industrialized. Some of these findings were applied on plants used to produce chips for military purposes.}}

===="Operation Brunnhilde"====
Some of these activities were directed via the [[East Germany|East German]] [[Stasi]] (Ministry for State Security). One such operation, "Operation Brunnhilde," operated from the mid-1950s until early 1966 and made use of spies from many [[Communist Bloc]] countries. Through at least 20 forays, many western European industrial secrets were compromised.{{sfn|Palmer|1974|p=13}} One member of the "Brunnhilde" ring was a [[Swiss people|Swiss]] [[chemical engineer]], Dr. Jean Paul Soupert (also known as "Air Bubble"), living in [[Brussels]]. He was described by [[Peter Wright (MI5 officer)|Peter Wright]] in [[Spycatcher]] as having been "doubled" by the [[Belgium|Belgian]] [[Belgian State Security Service|Sûreté de l'État]].{{sfn|Palmer|1974|p=13}}{{sfn|Wright|1987|p=183}} He revealed information about industrial espionage conducted by the ring, including the fact that [[Russians|Russian]] agents had obtained details of [[Concorde]]'s advanced electronics system.{{sfn|Wright|1987|p=184}} He testified against two [[Kodak]] employees, living and working in Britain, during a trial in which they were accused of passing information on industrial processes to him, though they were eventually acquitted.{{sfn|Palmer|1974|p=13}}

According to a 2020 ''American Economic Review'' study, East German industrial espionage in West Germany significantly reduced the gap in [[total factor productivity]] between the two countries.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Glitz|first1=Albrecht|last2=Meyersson|first2=Erik|year=2020|title=Industrial Espionage and Productivity|journal=American Economic Review|language=en|volume=110|issue=4|pages=1055–1103|doi=10.1257/aer.20171732|issn=0002-8282|hdl-access=free|hdl=10230/33897|s2cid=27286076}}</ref>

====Soviet {{Transliteration|ru|spetsinformatsiya}} system====
A secret report from the [[Military-Industrial Commission of the USSR]] (VPK), from 1979–80, detailed how {{Transliteration|ru|spetsinformatsiya}} ({{langx|ru|специнформация}}, "special records") could be utilised in twelve different military industrial areas. Writing in the [[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]], [[Philip Hanson (civil servant)|Philip Hanson]] detailed a {{Transliteration|ru|spetsinformatsiya}} system in which 12 industrial branch ministries formulated requests for information to aid technological development in their military programs. Acquisition plans were described as operating on 2-year and 5-year cycles with about 3000 tasks underway each year. Efforts were aimed at civilian and military industrial targets, such as in the [[Petrochemical industry|petrochemical industries]]. Some information was gathered to compare Soviet technological advancement with that of their competitors. Much unclassified information was also gathered, blurring the boundary with "[[competitive intelligence]]".{{sfn|Hanson|1987}}

The [[Soviet military#The Cold War|Soviet military]] was recognised as making much better use of acquired information than civilian industries, where their record in replicating and developing industrial technology was poor.{{Efn|This may be explained by the fact that the defense industry was supported better than a civil one.}}{{sfn|Hanson|1987}}

===Legacy of Cold War espionage===
Following the demise of the Soviet Union and the end of the [[Cold War]], commentators, including the [[United States Congress|US Congressional]] Intelligence Committee, noted a redirection amongst the espionage community from military to industrial targets, with Western and former communist countries making use of "underemployed" spies and expanding programs directed at stealing information.{{sfn|Nodoushani|Nodoushani|2002}}{{sfn|Nasheri|2005|p=53}}

The legacy of Cold War spying included not just the redirection of personnel but the use of spying apparatus such as computer databases, [[Covert listening device|scanners for eavesdropping]], [[spy satellites]], [[Covert listening device|bugs]] and [[Covert listening device|wires]].{{sfn|Nasheri|2005|pp=53-54}}

===Industrial espionage as part of US foreign policy===

Former CIA Director [[Stansfield Turner]] stated in 1991, "as we increase emphasis on securing economic intelligence, we will have to spy on the more developed countries-our allies and friends with whom we compete economically-but to whom we turn first for [[Aid|political]] and [[Military aid|military assistance]] in a crisis. This means that rather than instinctively reaching for human, on-site spying, the United States will want to look to those impersonal technical systems, primarily [[Satellite imagery|satellite photography]] and intercepts".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Goldsmith|first1=Jack|date=23 March 2015|title=The Precise (and Narrow) Limits on U.S. Economic Espionage|url=https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/precise-and-narrow-limits-us-economic-espionage|website=www.lawfareblog.com}}</ref>

Former [[Director of the Central Intelligence Agency|CIA Director]] [[James Woolsey]] acknowledged in 2000 that the United States steals economic secrets from foreign firms and their governments "with espionage, with [[communication]]s, with [[reconnaissance satellite]]s". He listed the three reasons as understanding whether sanctions are functioning for countries under sanction, monitoring dual-use technology that could be used to produce or develop weapons, and to spy on bribery.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Woolsey|first1=James|date=7 March 2000|title=Intelligence Gathering and Democracies: The Issue of Economic and Industrial Espionage|url=https://fas.org/irp/news/2000/03/wool0300.htm|publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]]}}</ref>

In 2013 The United States was accused of spying on [[Brazil]]ian oil company [[Petrobras]]. Brazil's President [[Dilma Rousseff]] stated that it was tantamount to industrial espionage and had no security justification.<ref>{{cite news|title=NSA spying on Petrobras, if proven, is industrial espionage: Rousseff|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-security-snowden-petrobras/nsa-spying-on-petrobras-if-proven-is-industrial-espionage-rousseff-idUSBRE98817N20130909|work=[[Reuters]]|date=9 September 2013}}</ref>

In 2014 former US intelligence officer [[Edward Snowden]] stated that the [[National Security Agency]] (NSA) was engaged in industrial espionage and that they spied on [[Germany|German]] companies that compete with US firms. He also highlighted the fact the NSA uses [[Mobile app|mobile phone apps]] such as [[Angry Birds]] to gather [[personal data]].<ref>{{cite news|date=26 January 2014|title=NSA 'engaged in industrial espionage' - Snowden|publisher=[[BBC]]|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/25907502}}</ref>

According to a 2014 [[Glenn Greenwald]] article, "potentially sabotaging another country's hi-tech industries and their top companies has long been a sanctioned American strategy." The article was based on a leaked report issued from former U.S. [[Director of National Intelligence]] [[James R. Clapper]]'s office that evaluated how intelligence could be used to overcome a loss of the United States' technological and innovative edge. When contacted, the [[Director of National Intelligence]] office responded, "the United States—unlike our adversaries—does not steal proprietary corporate information", and insisted that "the Intelligence Community regularly engages in analytic exercises". The report, he said, "is not intended to be, and is not, a reflection of current policy or operations".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Greenwald|first1=Glenn|date=5 September 2014|title=The U.S. Government's Secret Plans to Spy for American Corporations|work=[[The Intercept]]|url=https://theintercept.com/2014/09/05/us-governments-plans-use-economic-espionage-benefit-american-corporations/}}</ref>

In September 2019, security firm [[Qi An Xin]] published report linking the CIA to a series of attacks targeting Chinese aviation agencies between 2012 and 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=美国中央情报局网络武器库分析与披露|url=https://ti.qianxin.com/blog/articles/network-weapons-of-cia/|website=qianxin}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chinese infosec firm accuses CIA-backed group of numerous hacks|url=https://itwire.com/security/chinese-infosec-firm-accuses-cia-backed-group-of-numerous-hacks.html|website=itwire.com}}</ref>

===Israel's economic espionage in the United States===
[[Israel]] has an active program to gather proprietary information within the United States. These collection activities are primarily directed at obtaining information on military systems and advanced computing applications that can be used in Israel's sizable [[Arms industry|armaments industry]].<ref>{{cite web|title=US Officials: Israel Spying on America Has Reached 'Terrifying' Levels|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/israeli-spying-on-us-has-reached-terrifying-levels-2014-5?r=US&IR=T|work=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Clarke|first1=Duncan L.|year=1998|title=Israel's Economic Espionage in the United States|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=27|issue=4|pages=20–35|doi=10.2307/2538128|jstor=2538128}}</ref>

Israel was accused by the US government of selling US [[military technology]] and secrets to China in 1993.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cockburn|first1=patrick|date=13 October 1993|title=Israel accused of selling US secrets to China|work=[[The Independent]]|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/israel-accused-of-selling-us-secrets-to-china-1510406.html}}</ref>

In 2014 American counter-intelligence officials told members of the [[United States House Committee on the Judiciary|House Judiciary]] and [[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs|Foreign Affairs]] committees that Israel's current espionage activities in America are "unrivaled".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Stein|first1=Jeff|date=8 May 2014|title=ISRAEL'S AGGRESSIVE SPYING IN THE U.S. MOSTLY HUSHED UP|url=https://www.newsweek.com/israels-aggressive-spying-us-mostly-hushed-250278|website=[[Newsweek]]}}</ref>