Editing Indonesia (section)

=== Post-World War II ===
{{multiple image
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|image1 = Presiden Sukarno.jpg
|image2 = Mohammad Hatta, Pekan Buku Indonesia 1954, p242.jpg
|footer = [[Sukarno]] (''left'') and [[Mohammad Hatta]] (''right''), Indonesia's founding fathers and the first [[President of Indonesia|president]] and [[Vice President of Indonesia|vice president]] respectively}}

Sukarno shifted Indonesia from [[Liberal democracy period in Indonesia|democracy]] to [[Guided Democracy in Indonesia|authoritarianism]] and maintained power by balancing the opposing forces of political Islam, [[Indonesian National Armed Forces|the military]], and the [[Communist Party of Indonesia]] (PKI).{{sfn|Ricklefs|1991|pp=237–280}} Tensions between the latter two culminated in [[30 September Movement|an attempted coup]] in 1965, leading to a [[Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66|violent anti-communist purge]] led by the Army's Major General [[Suharto]] that killed at least 500,000 people and imprisoned around a million more.{{sfn|Melvin|2018|p=1}}{{sfn|Robinson|2018|p=3}}<ref>{{cite journal|title=Unresolved Problems in the Indonesian Killings of 1965–1966|author=Robert Cribb|journal=Asian Survey|volume=42|issue=4|date=2002|pages=550–563|doi=10.1525/as.2002.42.4.550|s2cid=145646994}}; {{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41651047|title=Indonesia massacres: Declassified US files shed new light|publisher=BBC|date=17 October 2017|access-date=19 September 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20181118225021/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41651047|archive-date=18 November 2018}}</ref>{{sfn|Bevins|2020|pp=168, 185}} The PKI was blamed for the coup and destroyed,{{sfn|Friend|2003|pp=107–109}}<ref>{{cite video|people=Chris Hilton (writer and director)|title=Shadowplay|medium=Television documentary|publisher=Vagabond Films and Hilton Cordell Productions|year=2001}}</ref>{{sfn|Ricklefs|1991|pp=280–283, 284, 287–290}} weakening Sukarno's power. Suharto [[Transition to the New Order|capitalised on this]], becoming President in 1968 and establishing a US-backed [[New Order (Indonesia)|"New Order"]] administration,<ref>{{cite journal|title=General Suharto's New Order|author=John D. Legge|journal=Royal Institute of International Affairs|volume=44|issue=1|year=1968|pages=40–47|jstor=2613527|doi=10.2307/2613527}}</ref>{{sfn|Melvin|2018|pp=9-10}}{{sfn|Vickers|2005|p=163}}<ref>David Slater, ''Geopolitics and the Post-Colonial: Rethinking North–South Relations'', London: Blackwell, p. 70</ref> which fostered [[foreign direct investment]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Farid|first=Hilmar|date=2005|title=Indonesia's original sin: mass killings and capitalist expansion, 1965–66|journal=Inter-Asia Cultural Studies|volume=6|issue=1|pages=3–16|doi=10.1080/1462394042000326879|s2cid=145130614}}</ref>{{sfn|Robinson|2018|p=206}}{{sfn|Bevins|2020|pp=167–168}} and drove three decades of substantial economic growth.

Indonesia was the country worst affected by the [[1997 Asian financial crisis]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Delhaise|first=Philippe F.|title=Asia in Crisis: The Implosion of the Banking and Finance Systems|publisher=Willey|year=1998|page=123|isbn=978-0-471-83450-2}}</ref> which brought out [[May 1998 riots of Indonesia#Background|widespread discontent]] with the New Order's corruption and political suppression and ultimately ended Suharto's rule.{{sfn|Ricklefs|1991|p={{page needed|date=October 2020}}}}{{sfn|Vickers|2005|p={{page needed|date=October 2020}}}}{{sfn|Schwarz|1994|p={{page needed|date=October 2020}}}}<ref>{{cite journal|title=Indonesia: from showcase to basket case|author=Jonathan Pincus|author2=Rizal Ramli|journal=Cambridge Journal of Economics|volume=22|issue=6|pages=723–734|date=1998|doi=10.1093/cje/22.6.723}}</ref> In 1999, East Timor seceded after a [[East Timor genocide|controversial 25-year occupation]] following [[Indonesian invasion of East Timor|Indonesia's 1975 invasion]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/situation-human-rights-east-timor|title=Situation of human rights in East Timor|publisher=Relief Web|date=10 December 1999|access-date=20 November 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250120024017/https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/situation-human-rights-east-timor|archive-date=20 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Burr|first=W.|title=East Timor Revisited, Ford, Kissinger, and the Indonesian Invasion, 1975–76|work=National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 62|publisher=[[National Security Archive]], [[George Washington University]]|location=Washington, DC|date=6 December 2001|url=https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB62/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20191127081609/https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB62/|archive-date=27 November 2019|access-date=17 September 2006}}</ref> [[Post-Suharto era in Indonesia|Since 1998]], Indonesia has strengthened democracy by granting regional autonomy and holding the [[2004 Indonesian presidential election|first direct presidential election in 2004]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dagg|first1=Christopher J.|title=The 2004 elections in Indonesia: Political reform and democratisation|journal=Asia Pacific Viewpoint|publisher=Wiley Online Library|date=April 2007|volume=48|issue=1|pages=47–59|doi=10.22146/ijg.12792}}</ref>

Political, economic and social instability and [[Terrorism in Indonesia|terrorism]] were persistent in the 2000s.<ref>{{cite journal|last=R. William|first=Liddle|title=Indonesia in 2000: A Shaky Start for Democracy|journal=Asian Survey|publisher=University of California Press|date=1 February 2001|volume=41|issue=1|pages=208–220|doi=10.1525/as.2001.41.1.208}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Julie Chernov|first=Hwang|title=Terrorism in Perspective: An Assessment of 'Jihad Project' Trends in Indonesia|journal=Asia Pacific Issues|publisher=East-West Center|date=September 2012|number=104|issn=1522-0966}}</ref> The economy has performed strongly since 2007, although [[Corruption in Indonesia|corruption]] remains a chronic issue.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mukartono|first1=Ali|last2=Hartiwiningsih|first2=Hartiwiningsih|last3=Rustamaji|first3=Muhammad|chapter=The Development of Corruption in Indonesia (Is Corruption a Culture of Indonesia?)|title=Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Globalization of Law and Local Wisdom (ICGLOW 2019)|series=Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research|publisher=Atlantis Press|date=October 2019|volume=358|doi=10.2991/icglow-19.2019.36|isbn=978-94-6252-819-2 }}</ref> Relations among the diverse population are mostly harmonious, but sectarian discontent and violence remain problematic in some areas.<ref name="RIP">{{cite book|last=Harsono|first=Andreas|title=Race, Islam and Power: Ethnic and Religious Violence in Post-Suharto Indonesia|publisher=Monash University Publishing|date=May 2019|isbn=978-1-925835-09-0}}</ref> A political settlement to a separatist [[insurgency in Aceh]] was achieved in 2005.<ref name="AcehPeace">{{citation|last1=Parks|first1=Thomas|display-authors=etal|title=The Contested Corners of Asia: Subnational Conflict and International Development Assistance|chapter=The Case of Aceh, Indonesia|publisher=The Asia Foundation|date=7 October 2013|isbn=978-616-91408-1-8}}</ref>