Editing Illuminated manuscript (section)

=== Text ===
The type of script depended on local customs and tastes. In England, for example, [[Blackletter|Textura]] was widely used from the 12th to 16th centuries, while a cursive hand known as [[Blackletter#England|Anglicana]] emerged around 1260 for business documents.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Derolez |first=Albert |title=The palaeography of Gothic manuscript books: from the twelfth to the early sixteenth century |date=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-80315-1 |series=Cambridge studies in palaeography and codicology |location=Cambridge}}</ref> In the Frankish Empire, [[Carolingian minuscule]] emerged under the vast educational program of [[Charlemagne]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kitzinger |first1=Beatrice E. |title=After the Carolingians: Re-defining manuscript illumination in the 10th and 11th Centuries |last2=O'Driscoll |first2=Joshua |date=2019 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-057467-8 |series=Sense, matter, and medium |location=Berlin |doi=10.1515/9783110579499|s2cid=241300499 }}</ref>

The first step was to send the manuscript to a [[rubricator]], "who added (in red or other colors) the titles, [[headlines]], the initials of chapters and sections, the notes and so on; and then – if the book was to be illustrated – it was sent to the illuminator".<ref name="Putnam" /> These letters and notes would be applied using an ink-pot and either a sharpened [[quill]] feather or a [[reed pen]]. In the case of manuscripts that were sold commercially, the writing would "undoubtedly have been discussed initially between the patron and the scribe (or the scribe's agent, but by the time the written gathering were sent off to the illuminator, there was no longer any scope for innovation.)"<ref name="DeHamel1992">{{Cite book |last=De Hamel |first=Christopher |title=Scribes and illuminators |date=1992 |publisher=The British Museum Press |isbn=978-0-7141-2049-2 |series=Medieval craftsmen |location=London}}</ref>

The sturdy Roman letters of the early [[Middle Ages]] gradually gave way to scripts such as [[Uncial]] and half-Uncial, especially in the [[British Isles]], where distinctive scripts such as [[insular majuscule]] and [[insular minuscule]] developed. Stocky, richly textured [[blackletter]] was first seen around the 13th century and was particularly popular in the later Middle Ages. Prior to the days of such careful planning, "A typical black-letter page of these [[Gothic art|Gothic]] years would show a page in which the lettering was cramped and crowded into a format dominated by huge ornamented capitals that descended from uncial forms or by illustrations".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anderson |first=Donald M. |title=The art of written forms: the theory and practice of calligraphy |date=1969 |publisher=Holt |isbn=978-0-03-068625-2 |location=New York}}</ref> To prevent such poorly made manuscripts and illuminations from occurring, a script was typically supplied first, "and blank spaces were left for the decoration. This presupposes very careful planning by the scribe even before he put pen to parchment."