Editing Iblis (section)

=== Function ===
[[File:Iblis (The Shahnama of Shah Tahmasp).png|thumb|upright|Depiction of Iblis in the [[epic poem]] ''[[Shahnameh]]'']]
Within Muslim thought, Iblis is generally not considered to be the originator of evil. However, there are a few exceptions among Muslim scholars.<ref name="Basharin-2018"/>{{rp|p=123}} The ''Qadariyya'' asserted that evil was introduced by disobedience to God, and Iblis was the first who disobeyed.<ref name="Basharin-2018"/>{{rp|p=123}} This view is sometimes attributed to Hasan al-Basri.<ref name="e255">{{cite book | last=Hamdan | first=Omar | title=Studien zur Kanonisierung des Korantextes | publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag | publication-place=Wiesbaden | date=2006 | isbn=978-3-447-05349-5 | oclc=85842622 | language=de | page=}}</ref>{{rp|p=291–292}} An extreme position among the ''Qadariyya'' asserts that Iblis was not even created by God, but this view is generally rejected as beliefs of the [[Manichaeism|Manichaeans]] (''majūs'').<ref name="Basharin-2018"/>{{rp|p=123}}<ref name="auto1">{{cite book |first=Jacques |last=Waardenburg |title=Muslim Perceptions of Other Religions |place=New York & Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=0-19-510472-2}}</ref>{{rp|p=123}} Al-Māturīdī argued that such [[Dualism in cosmology|dualistic worldviews]] are irreconcilable with the Islamic doctrine of ''[[tawhid|tawḥīd]]''.<ref name="auto1"/>{{rp|p=123}} Some extreme positions went as far as to consider belief that actions are uncaused by God to be a form of ''[[Shirk (Islam)|širk]]'' (association), as it implies a second power independent from God.{{sfnp|Awn|1983|p=104}}

Iblis' disobedience is seen as an example and warning for the ''thaqalān'' (the two who are accountable for their deeds; i.e. humans and jinn).<ref name="Asma Hussain ">{{Cite conference |last=Khan |first=Asma Hussain  |date=September 2014 |title=The Problem of Evil: Islamic Theodicy. |url=https://www.ocerints.org/Socioint14_e-publication/papers/139.pdf |conference=Proceedings of SOCIOINT14- International Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities |isbn=978-605-64453-1-6}}</ref> Those who say that Iblis was predestined to fall, say that he was created in such a way that God can demonstrate his [[Names of God in Islam|entire spectrum of attributes]] (for example; ''jalal'' (majesty)) in his eternal speech (i.e. the Quran), and teaching the consequences of sin.<ref name="Lange">{{cite book |last1=Lange |first1=Christian |chapter=Devil (Satan) |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_25991 |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |editor1-first=Kate |editor1-last=Fleet |editor2-first=Gudrun |editor2-last=Krämer |editor3-first=Denis |editor3-last=Matringe |editor4-first=John |editor4-last=Nawas |editor5-first=Everett |editor5-last=Rowson |isbn=978-90-04-35666-5 }}</ref> Three things to avoid are marked by the fall of Iblis: Transgression (''ma'siyah''), arrogance (''istikbār''), and comparison (''qiyās'') to another creature of God.<ref name="Basharin-2018"/>{{rp|p=122}}

Although not the cause of evil, Iblis is known as the progenitor of tempters, known as the "father of the devils" (''Abū ash-Shayāṭīn'').<ref name="Egdunas Racius">{{cite journal | last=Racius | first=Egdunas | title=Islamic Exegesis on the jinn: Their origin, kinds and substance and their relation to other beings | journal=Studia Orientalia Electronica | volume=85 | date=2014-05-08 | issn=2323-5209 | pages=127–138 | url=https://journal.fi/store/article/view/44004 | access-date=2025-03-19}}</ref>{{rp|style=ama|p=129}} ''Ḥādīth'' literature emphasizes their evil influences over humans rather than treating them as proper personalities.{{sfnp|Awn|1983|p=46}} Muslims are advised to "seek refuge" from such influences and are recommended to recite ''[[du'a|duʿāʾ]]'' (prayers) for protection.<ref name="q742">{{cite book | last=Macuch | first=Rudolf | title="And life is victorious" | publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag | publication-place=Wiesbaden | date=2008 | isbn=978-3-447-05178-1 | language=de | page=82}}</ref>