Editing IBM 3270 (section)

==Models==
[[File:IBM 3270 terminal with Selector Pen.jpg|thumb|IBM selector-pen in use]]
The IBM 3270 display terminal subsystem consists of displays, printers and controllers.
Optional features for the 3275 and 3277 are the ''selector-pen'',{{efn|Similar to a [[light pen]], but only allows selecting a field rather than requesting movement.|name=sel}} ASCII rather than [[EBCDIC]] character set, an audible alarm, and a keylock for the keyboard. A ''keyboard numeric lock'' was available and will lock the keyboard if the operator attempts to enter non-numeric data into a field defined as numeric.<ref name=CompDesc>{{cite book
   |author=IBM Corporation
   |title=IBM 3270 Information Display System Component Description
   |id=GA27-2749-1
   |year=1972 
   |url=http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/3270/GA27-2749-1_IBM_3270_Information_Display_System_Component_Description_Jun72.pdf
   }}
</ref> Later an ''Operator Identification Card Reader'' was added which could read information encoded on a [[magnetic stripe card]].

===Displays===
Generally, 3277 models allow only upper-case input, except for the mixed EBCDIC/APL or ''text'' keyboards, which have lower case. Lower-case capability and [[dead key]]s were available as an [[Request price quotation|RPQ]] (''Request Price Quotation''); these were added to the later 3278 & 3279 models.

A version of the [[IBM PC]] called the [[IBM 3270 PC|3270 PC]], released in October 1983, includes 3270 [[terminal emulator|terminal emulation]]. Later, the 3270 PC/G (graphics), 3270 PC/GX (extended graphics), 3270 Personal Computer AT, 3270 PC AT/G (graphics) and 3270 PC AT/GX (extended graphics) followed.

====CUT vs. DFT====
There are two types of 3270 displays in respect to where the 3270 data stream terminates. For CUT (Control Unit Terminal) displays, the stream terminates in the display controller, the controller instructs the display to move the cursor, position a character, etc. EBCDIC is translated by the controller into '3270 Character Set', and keyboard scan-codes from the terminal, read by the controller through a poll, is translated by the controller into EBCDIC. For DFT (Distributed Function Terminal) type displays, most of the 3270 data stream is forwarded to the display by the controller. The display interprets the 3270 protocol itself.

In addition to passing the 3270 data stream directly to the terminal, allowing for features like EAB — Extended Attributes, Graphics, etc., DFT also enabled multi sessions (up to 5 simultaneous), featured in the 3290 and 3194 multisession displays. This feature was also widely used in 2nd generation [[3270 emulator|3270 terminal emulation]] software.

The MLT — Multiple Logical Terminals feature of the 3174 controller also enabled multiple sessions from a CUT type terminal.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ CUT vs. DFT
|-
! Display Station Name !! CUT vs. DFT
|-
| 3178 — all models || CUT
|-
| 3179 — Model 1 || CUT
|-
| 3179 — Models G1, G2 || DFT
|-
| 3180 — Model 1 || CUT
|-
| 3191 — all models || CUT
|-
| 3192 — Models C, D, F, L, W || CUT
|-
| 3192 — Model G || DFT
|-
| 3193 — all models || DFT
|-
| 3194 — all models || DFT
|-
| 3277 — all models || CUT
|-
| 3278 — all models || CUT
|-
| 3279 — all models || CUT
|-
| 3290 — all models || DFT
|-
|3472 — except model G
|CUT
|-
|3472 — model G
|DFT
|-
|3482 — all models
|DFT
|}

====3277====
*3277 model 1: 40×12 terminal
*3277 model 2: 80×24 terminal, the biggest success of all<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-02|title=IBM 3277 Terminal|url=https://vintagecomputer.ca/ibm-3277-terminal/|access-date=2021-06-11|website=VintageComputer.ca|language=en-US}}</ref>
*3277 GA: a 3277 with an [[RS-232|RS232C]] I/O, often used to drive a [[Tektronix]] 4013 or 4015 graphic screen (monochrome)
[[File:IBM 3278 terminal.jpg|thumb|3278 terminal]]

====3278====
*3278 models 1–5: next-generation, with accented characters and [[dead key]]s in countries that needed them
** model 1: 80x12
** model 2: 80×24
** model 2A: 80x24 (console) with 4 lines reserved
** [[File:IBM 3278 and 3279 terminals.jpg|thumb|IBM 3278 and 3279 terminals side-to-side]]model 3: 80×32 or 80x24 (switchable)
** model 4: 80×43 or 80x24 (switchable)
** model 5: 132×27 or 80×24 (switchable)
* Extended Highlighting: ability to set highlighting attributes on individual characters as well as on fields. For the 3278 that includes:
** blinking
** character set
** reverse video
** underscored
* Programmed Symbols {PS): programmable characters; able to display monochrome graphics

The 3278, along with the 3279 color display and the 3287 printer, introduced the ''Extended Display Stream'' (EDS) as the framework for new features.

====3279====
[[Image:IBM-3279.jpg|thumb|IBM 3279 Color Display Terminal]]
[[File:Informatics_General_programmer_at_terminal.jpg|thumb|right|An Informatics General computer programmer using an IBM 3279 terminal]]
[[File:3279-S3G-chart.webm|thumb|IBM 3279-S3G terminal displaying a pie chart, showing [[Green_Lightning_(computing)|green lightning]]]]
The '''IBM 3279''' was IBM's first color{{sfn|3270 Color PSS|loc=Ch. 3. Color Capability|pp=[http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/3278/GA33-3056-0_3270_Information_Display_System_Color_and_Programmed_Symbols_3278_3279_3287_Sep1979.pdf#page=19 3-1–3-6]}} terminal. IBM initially announced four models, and later added a fifth model for use as a processor console.
* Models
** model 2A: 80-24 base color
** model 2B: 80-24 extended color 
** model 2C: 80-24 base color (console) with 4 lines reserved
** model 3A: 80-32 base color
** model 3B: 80-32 extended color 
** model S3G: 80-32 extended color with programmed symbol set graphics
;Base color: In base color mode the protection and intensity field attributes determine the color:
:{| class="wikitable"
|+ Base color mode
|-
! Protection
! Intensity
! Color
|-
| Unprotected
| Normal
| style="color: Green;background-color:DarkGray; font-weight: bold;" | Green
|-
| Unprotected
| Intensified
| style="color: Red; background-color:DarkGray; font-weight: bold;" | Red
|-
| Protected
| Normal
| style="color: Blue; background-color:DarkGray; font-weight: bold;" | Blue
|-
| Protected
| Intensified
| style="color: White; background-color:DarkGray; font-weight: bold;" | White
|}
;Extended color: In extended color mode the color field and character attributes determine the color as one of
* Neutral (White) 
* Red 
* Blue 
* Green 
* Pink 
* Yellow 
* Turquoise

The 3279 was introduced in 1979.<ref>{{cite web
   |url=http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/history/year_1979.html
   |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050117192808/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/history/year_1979.html
   |url-status=dead
   |archive-date=January 17, 2005
   |title=IBM Archives: 1979|date=January 23, 2003}}</ref> The 3279 was widely used as an [[IBM mainframe]] terminal before PCs became commonly used for the purpose. It was part of the 3270 series, using the 3270 [[data stream]].{{sfn|3270 Data Stream}} Terminals could be connected to a 3274 controller, either channel connected to an IBM mainframe or linked via an SDLC ([[Synchronous Data Link Control]]) link. In the [[Systems Network Architecture]] (SNA) protocol these terminals were logical unit type 2 (LU2). The basic models 2A and 3A used red, green for input fields, and blue and white for output fields. However, the models 2B and 3B supported seven colors, and when equipped with the optional Programmed Symbol Set feature had a loadable character set that could be used to show graphics. The Programmed Symbol Set feature could be added in the field, and was standard in the model S3G.

The IBM 3279 with its graphics{{efn|Models 2B, 3B, and S3G only.}} software support, [[Graphical Data Display Manager]] (GDDM), was designed at IBM's [[IBM Hursley|Hursley Development Laboratory]], near [[Winchester, England]].<ref>{{cite web
   |url=http://hursley.slx-online.biz/hursley-products-hw.asp 
   |title=Hardware Products Developed at Hursley (IBM Hursley Museum)
   |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105003500/http://hursley.slx-online.biz/hursley-products-hw.asp
   |archive-date=2017-11-05}}</ref>

====3290====
[[File:A computer operator works at an IBM 4381 four-window work station in a computer room at the Arnold Engineering Development Center, where numerous mainframe and super computers are u - DPLA - b8ef28c4e9b101b7ccc7f2e5ee1a68ed.jpeg|thumb|IBM 3290]]
The 3290 Information Panel a 17", amber monochrome [[plasma display]] unit announced<ref>{{cite web
 |title = IBM 3290 Information Panel
 |id = LTR 183-033
 |date = March 8, 1983
 |url = https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/rep_ca/3/897/ENUS183-033/index.html
 |department= Announcement letters
 |website= IBM
 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200918094346/https://www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/rep_ca/3/897/ENUS183-033/index.html
 |archive-date= 2020-09-18
 }}
</ref> March 8, 1983, capable of displaying in various modes, including four independent 3278 model 2 terminals, or a single 160×62 terminal; it also supports partitioning.{{sfn|3270 Introduction|loc=[http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/3270/GA27-2739-22_3270_Information_Display_System_Introduction_Oct88.pdf#page=35 3290 Information Panel]|pp=3-10–3-11}}{{efn|Although the 3290 supports up to 16 explicit partitions, the ISPF SPLIT and SPLITV commands only support 4.}} The 3290 supports graphics through the use of ''programmed symbols''. A 3290 application can divide its screen area up into as many as 16 separate ''explicit partitions'' (logical screens).

The 3290 is a Distributed Function Terminal (DFT) and requires that the controller do a downstream load (DSL) of microcode from floppy or hard disk.

====317x====
*3178: lower cost terminal (1983)
*3179: low cost color terminal<ref>{{cite web
 |       url = http://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/ShowDoc.wss?docURL=/common/ssi/rep_ca/9/897/ENUS184-039/index.html&lang=en&request_locale=en
 |     title = IBM 3179 COLOR DISPLAY STATION
 |        id = LTR 184-039
 |      date = March 20, 1984
 |      department= Announcement Letters
 | website= IBM
 |     quote = IBM announces the 3179 Color Display Station, a new, low price, color display member of the IBM 3270 Information Display System. The 3179 is a compact, 7-color, 1920-character, 14-inch CRT with bright, clear colors and a smudge-free screen surface. It features a new, modifiable keyboard, and function equivalent to that provided by both the IBM 3279 Models S2A and S2B....First customer shipment for the 3179 is planned for March 1984. ...Purchase...$2,295...
 }}
</ref> announced March 20, 1984.

====3180====
The 3180 was a monochrome display, introduced on March 20, 1984, that the user could configure for several different basic and extended display modes; all of the basic modes have a primary screen size of 24x80. Modes 2 and 2+ have a secondary size of 24x80, 3 and 3+ have a secondary size of 32x80, 4 and 4+ have a secondary size of 43x80 and 5 and 5+ have a secondary size of 27x132. An application can override the primary and alternate screen sizes for the extended mode. The 3180 also supported a single explicit partition that could be reconfigured under application control.

====3191====
The IBM 3191 Display Station is an economical monochrome CRT. Models A and B are 1920 characters 12-inch CRTs. Models D, E and L are 1920 or 2560 character 14-inch CRTs.

====3192====
* Model C provides a 7-color 14 inch CRT with 80x24 or 80x32 characters
* Model D provides a green monochrome 15 inch CRT with 80x24, 80x32, 80x44 or 132x27 characters
* Model F provides a 7-color high-resolution 14 inch CRT with 80x24, 80x32, 80x44 or 132x27 characters
* Model G provides a 7-color 14 inch CRT with 80x24 or 80x32 characters
* Model L provides a green monochrome 15 inch CRT with 80x24, 80x32, 80x44 or 132x27 characters with a selector{{efn|name=sel}} pen capability
* Model W provides a black and while 15 inch CRT with 80x24, 80x32, 80x44 or 132x27 characters

====3193====
The IBM 3193 Display Station is a high-resolution, portrait-type, monochrome, 380mm (15 inch) CRT image display providing up to letter or A4 size document display capabilities in addition to alphanumeric data.
Compressed images can be sent to the 3193 from a scanner and decompression is performed in the 3193.
Image data compression is a technique to save transmission time and reduce storage requirements.

====3194====
The IBM 3194 is a Display Station that features a 1.44&nbsp;MB 3.5" floppy drive and [[IND$FILE]] transfer.
* Model C provides a 12-inch color CRT with 80x24 or 80x32 characters
* Model D provides a 15-inch monochrome CRT with 80x24, 80x31, 80x44 or 132x27 characters
* Model H provides a 14-inch color CRT with 80x24, 80x31, 80x44 or 132x27 characters

====Subsequent====
*3104: low-cost R-loop connected terminal for the [[IBM 8100]] system
*3472 Infowindow

====Non-IBM Displays====
Several third-party manufacturers produced 3270 displays besides IBM.

=====GTE=====
GTE manufactured the IS/7800<ref>{{cite web
|     title = GTE IS/7800 Video Display Systems
|        id = C25-457-103
|      date = May 1977
|       url = https://bitsavers.computerhistory.org/pdf/datapro/alphanumeric_terminals/Datapro_C25_GTE.pdf
| publisher = Datapro
|website=Bitsavers
 }}
</ref> Video Display System, nominally compatible with IBM 3277 displays attached to a 3271 or 3272. An incompatibility with the RA buffer order broke the logon screen in VM/SE (SEPP).

=====Harris=====
Harris manufactured the 8000<ref>{{cite web
 |     title = Harris 8000 Series Terminal Systems
 |        id = C25-468-101
 |      date = July 1985
 |       url = http://bitsavers.org/pdf/datapro/alphanumeric_terminals/Datapro_C25_Harris.pdf#page=5
 | publisher = Datapro
|website=Bitsavers
 }}
</ref> Series Terminal Systems, compatible with IBM 3277 displays attached to a 3271 or 3272.

Harris later manufactured the 9100–9200<ref>{{cite web
 |     title = Harris 9100/9200 Information Processing Systems
 |        id = C25-468-101
 |      date = July 1985
 |       url = http://bitsavers.org/pdf/datapro/alphanumeric_terminals/Datapro_C25_Harris.pdf
 | publisher = Datapro
|website=Bitsavers
 }}
</ref> Information Processing Systems, which included
* 9178
* 9278
* 9279-2A
* 9279-3G
* 9280

=====Informer 270 376/SNA=====
[[Informer Computer Terminals]] manufactured a special version of their model 270 terminal that was compatible with IBM 3270 and its associated coax port to connect to a 3x74.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/charcole/zmachine3270|title = Charcole/Zmachine3270| website=[[GitHub]] |date = September 13, 2021}}</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/U6nj1dibTCA Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200915135439/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U6nj1dibTCA Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U6nj1dibTCA| title = IBM 3270 compatible terminal playing Infocom games (Informer 207 376/SNA) | website=[[YouTube]]| date = August 24, 2020 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>

=====Memorex Telex=====

* Memorex 1377, compatible with IBM 3277<br />Attaches to 1371 or 1372

Documentation for the following is available at<ref>{{cite web
 | title       = 3270 Plug-Compatible Peripherals
 | url         = http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/memorex/terminal/Memorex_3270_Compatible_Terminals_Jan86.pdf
 | work        = Communications Products
 | publisher   = Memorex
 | access-date = March 14, 2022
 }}
</ref>

* Memorex/Telex 2078
* Memorex/Telex 2079
* Memorex/Telex 2080
* Memorex/Telex 2178
* Memorex/Telex 2179

=====Nokia/Alfaskop=====
* Alfaskop Display Unit 4110
* Alfaskop Display Unit 4112

=====AT&T=====
[[AT&T]] introduced the Dataspeed 40 terminal/controller, compatible with the IBM 3275, in 1980.<ref>{{cite web |title=Computer II Reference |url=https://www.cybertelecom.org/ci/ciiref.htm |website=Cybertelecom |access-date=May 17, 2021}}</ref>

====Graphics models====
IBM had two different implementations for supporting graphics. The first was implemented in the optional Programmed Symbol Sets{{sfn|3270 Color PSS|loc=Chapter 7 Programmed Symbols Capability|pp=[http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/3278/GA33-3056-0_3270_Information_Display_System_Color_and_Programmed_Symbols_3278_3279_3287_Sep1979.pdf#page-52 7-1–7-7] }} (PSS) of the 3278, 3279 and 3287, which became a standard feature on the later 3279-S3G, a.k.a. 3279G, and was based on piecing together graphics with on-the-fly custom-defined symbols downloaded to the terminal.

The second later implementation provided All Points Addressable (APA) graphics, a.k.a. Vector Graphics, allowing more efficient graphics than the older technique. The first terminal to support APA / Vector graphics was the 3179G terminal, which was later replaced by first the 3192G, then the 3472G.

Both implementations are supported by [[Graphical Data Display Manager|IBM GDDM]] — Graphical Data Display Manager first released in 1979, and by [[SAS (software)|SAS]] with their SAS/GRAPH software.

=====IBM 3279G=====
IBM 3279-S3G, a.k.a. 3279G, terminal, announced in 1979, was IBM's graphics replacement for the 3279-3B with PSS. The terminal supported 7 colors and the graphics were made up of Programmable Symbol sets loaded to the terminal by the graphical application [[Graphical Data Display Manager|GDDM — Graphical Data Display Manager]] using Write Structured Field command.

Programmable Symbols is an addition to the normal base character set consisting of [[Latin script|Latin characters]], numbers, etc. hardwired into the terminal. The 3279G supports six additional sets of symbols each supporting 190 symbols, resulting in a total of 1.140 programmable symbols. Three of the Programmable Symbols sets have three planes each enabling coloring (red, blue, green) the Programmable Symbols downloaded to those sets, thereby supporting a total of seven colors.

Each 'character' cell consists of a 9x12 or a 9x16 dot matrix depending on the screen model. In order to program a cell with a symbol 18 bytes of data is needed making the data load quite heavy in some instances when compared to classic text screens.

If one for example wishes to draw a hyperbola on the screen, the application must first compute the required Programmable Symbols to make up hyperbola and load them to the terminal. The next step is then for the application to paint the screen by addressing the screen cell position and select the appropriate symbol in one of the Programmable Symbols sets.

The 3279G could be ordered with Attribute Select Keyboard enabling the operator to select attributes, colors and Programmable Symbols sets, making that version of the terminal quite distinctive.

=====IBM 3179G=====
{{Infobox information appliance
| name         = IBM 3179G
| title        = 
| aka          = IBM 3179G Color Display Station
| logo         = 
| image        = 
| caption      = 
| developer    = 
| manufacturer = [[IBM]]
| family       = 
| type         = 
| generation   = 
| releasedate  = {{Start date|1984|03}}
| lifespan     = 
| price        = {{USD|2295|1984}}
| discontinued = 
| unitssold    = 
| unitsshipped = 
| media        = 
| os           = 
| power        = 
| soc          = 
| cpu          = 
| memory       = 
| storage      = 
| memory card  = 
| display      = 
| graphics     = 
| sound        = 
| input        = 
| controllers  = 
| camera       = 
| touchpad     = 
| connectivity = 
| platform     = 
| service      = 
| dimensions   = 
| weight       = 
| topgame      = 
| compatibility= 
| predecessor  = 
| successor    = IBM 3192-G
| related      = 
| website      = <!--{{URL|example.org}}-->
}}
The '''IBM 3179G''' announced June 18, 1985,<ref>{{cite web
 |title = IBM 3179 Color Graphics Display Station Models G1 and G2 and IBM 3979 Expansion Unit
 |id = LTR 185-076
 |date = June 18, 1985
 |department= Announcement Letters
 |quote = The IBM 3179 Color Graphics Display Station Models G1 and G2 and the IBM 3979 Expansion Unit are the latest members of the IBM 3270 Information Display System graphics family of products. The 3179 G models are new, attractively priced, eight-color, 1,920- or 2,560-character, 14-inch CRTs with bright, clear colors and a smudge-resistant screen surface. Graphics capabilities are significantly enhanced by the provision of an all-points-addressable (APA) screen and the ability to natively attach the IBM Color Jetprinter (3852 Model 2) for local screen copy.
 |url = https://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/ShowDoc.wss?docURL=/common/ssi/rep_ca/6/897/ENUS185-076/index.html&request_locale=en
 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210608225107/https://www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/ShowDoc.wss?docURL=/common/ssi/rep_ca/6/897/ENUS185-076/index.html&request_locale=en
 |archive-date= 2021-06-08
 |website= IBM
 }}
</ref> is an [[IBM]] mainframe computer terminal providing 80×24 or 80×32 characters, 16 colors, plus graphics<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9z4EAAAAMBAJ&q=IBM+3179G&pg=PA11|title=Sun Software Emulates IBM Display Terminal|author=Mark Stephens|page=11|date=June 20, 1988|magazine=[[InfoWorld]]|volume=10|issue=25|quote=emulates an IBM 3179G display terminal and allows Sun workstation users}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ihwEAAAAMBAJ&q=IBM+3179G&pg=PA27|title=Telex beefs up its lineup|author=Jim Brown|page=27|date=February 16, 1987|magazine=[[Network World]]|volume=4|issue=7|quote=...The firm also introduced an option that supports attachment of IBM's 3179G Graphic Display Station to a series 274 controller...}}</ref><ref>{{cite newsgroup|url=https://groups.google.com/d/msg/comp.terminals/GId6mlbDSSc/ouzum7qyojkJ|title=IBM 3179G: To beep or not to beep|author=Ken Hornstein|date=January 10, 1991|newsgroup=comp.terminals}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://datamuseum.dk/wiki/Genstand:11000554_IBM_3179G|title=Object: 11000554 IBM 3179G, producer: IBM, serial number: 55-N1186, dating: 1985-11-01–1985-11-30, received: 2009-11-18, Description: IBM 3179 — Display station (color or graphics) for IBM 3270|website=Danish Data Historical Society Wiki}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tD4MjDGn6ScC&q=IBM+3179G+graphics+display+terminal+released&pg=PA62|title=Software & Services:Productivity Aids|page=62|date=July 15, 1985|magazine=[[Computerworld]]|volume=19|issue=28|quote=Pansopic Systems, Inc has announced that Gener/O1, its online program development system for IBM's CICS, now supports IBM's 3179 Model G graphics terminal...}}</ref> and is the first terminal to support the APA graphics apart from the 3270 PC/G, 3270 PC/GX, PC AT/G and PC AT/GX.

3179-G terminals combine text and graphics as separate layers on the screen. Although the text and graphics appear combined on the screen, the text layer actually sits over the graphics layer. The text layer contains the usual 3270-style cells which display characters (letters, numbers, symbols, or invisible control characters).<ref name=G.models>{{cite web
   |url=http://www.prycroft6.com.au/misc/3270grfx.html
   |title=3270 Graphics|author=Greg Price
   |date=January 2008   |website=Prycroft Six
   |quote=2. Native Vector Graphics — introduced with the 3179G and also used by the 3192G and 3472G.}}</ref> The graphics layer is an area of 720×384 pixels.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://docs.attachmate.com/reflection/14.x/prog-ref/ibm/3179gcoordinates.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210072440/http://docs.attachmate.com/reflection/14.x/prog-ref/ibm/3179gcoordinates.htm|archive-date=2017-12-10|title=Reflection for IBM 14.x — Programming Reference|chapter=3179G graphics coordinates|quote=IBM 3179G graphics coordinates divide the Reflection window into 384 vertical units and 720 horizontal units.}}</ref> ''All Points Addressable'' or ''vector graphics'' is used to paint each pixel in one of sixteen colors. As well as being separate layers on the screen, the text and graphics layers are sent to the display in separate data streams, making them completely independent.

The application i.e. [[Graphical Data Display Manager|GDDM]] sends the vector definitions to the 3179-G, and the work of activating the pixels that represent the picture (the vector-to-raster conversion) is done in the terminal itself. The datastream is related to the number of graphics primitives (lines, arcs, and so on) in the picture. Arcs are split into short vectors, that are sent to the 3179-G to be drawn. The 3179-G does not store graphic data, and so cannot offload any manipulation function from GDDM. In particular, with user control, each new viewing operation means that the data has to be regenerated and retransmitted.

The 3179G is a distributed function terminal (DFT) and requires a downstream load (DSL) to load its microcode from the cluster controller's floppy disk or hard drive.

The G10 model is a standard 122-key typewriter keyboard, while the G20 model offers [[APL programming language|APL]] on the same layout. Compatible with [[System/370|IBM System/370]], [[IBM 4300 series]], 303x, 308x, [[IBM 3090]], and [[IBM 9370]].

===== IBM 3192G =====
<dfn>The IBM 3192G, announced in</dfn> 1987 <dfn>was the</dfn> successor to 3179G. It featured 16 colors, and support for printers (i.e., IBM Proprinter) for local hardcopy with graphical support, or system printer, text only, implemented as an additional LU.

=====IBM 3472G=====
The IBM 3472G announced in 1989 was the successor to 3192G and featured five concurrent sessions, one of which could be graphics. Unlike the 3192-G, it needed no expansion unit to attach a mouse or color plotter, and it could also attach a tablet device for digitised input and a bar code reader.

=== APL / APL2 ===
Most IBM terminals, starting with the 3277, could be delivered with an [[APL (programming language)|APL]] keyboard, allowing the operator/programmer to enter APL symbolic instructions directly into the editor. In order to display APL symbols on the terminal, it had to be equipped with an APL character set in addition to the normal 3270-character set. The APL character set is addressed with a preceding Graphic Escape X'08' instruction.

With the advent of the graphic terminal 3179G, the APL character set was expandable to 138 characters, called APL2. The added characters were: Diamond, Quad Null, Iota Underbar, Epsilon Underbar, Left Tack, Right Tack, Equal Underbar, Squished Quad, Quad Slope, and Dieresis Dot. Later APL2 symbols were supported by 3191 Models D, E, L, the CUT version of 3192, and 3472.

Please note that IBM's version's of APL also is called APL2.

===Display-Controller===
* 3275 remote display with controller function (no additional displays up to one printer)
* 3276 remote display with controller function. IBM 3276, announced in 1981, was a combined remote controller and display terminal, offering support for up to 8 displays, the 3276 itself included. By default, the 3276 had two type A coax ports, one for its own display, and one free for an additional terminal or printer. Up to three additional adapters, each supporting two coax devices, could be installed. The 3276 could connect to a non-SNA or SNA host using BSC or SDLC with line speed of up to 9,600 bit/s. The 3276 looked very much like the 3278 terminal, and the terminal feature of the 3276 itself, was more or less identical to those of the 3278.

===Printers===
[[File:IBM 4224 matrix printer (1).jpg|thumb|4224 printer]]
* 3284 matrix printer
* 3286 matrix printer
* 3287 printer, including a color model
* 3288 line printer
* 3268-1 R-loop connected stand-alone printer for the [[IBM 8100]] system
* 4224 matrix printer
In 1984 announced [[IBM Intelligent Printer Data Stream|IPDS – Intelligent Printer Data Stream]] for online printing of [[Advanced Function Presentation|AFP — Advanced Function Presentation]] documents, using bidirectional communications between the application and the printer. IPDS support among others printing of text, fonts, images, graphics, and barcodes. The IBM 4224 is one of the IPDS capable dot matrix printers.

With the emergence of printers, including [[Laser printing|laser printers]], from [[HP LaserJet|HP]], [[Canon Inc.|Canon]], and others, targeted the PC market, 3270 customers got an alternative to IBM 3270 printers by connecting this type of printers through printer protocol converters from manufactures like I-data, MPI Tech, Adacom, and others. The printer protocol converters basically emulate a 3287 type printer, and later extended to support IPDS.

The IBM 3482 terminal, announced in 1992, offered a printer port, which could be used for host addressable printing as well as local screen copy. <code> </code>

In the later versions of 3174 the Asynchronous Emulation Adapter (AEA), supporting async RS-232 character-based type terminals, was enhanced to support printers equipped with a serial interface.

=== Controllers ===
[[File:IBM 3174 controller.jpg|thumb|IBM 3174 controller]]
[[File:IBM 3174-1L as terminal of Primary Server of Biblioteca Nacional (Front) (1).jpg|thumb|IBM 3274-41D controller with terminal]]
* 3271 remote controller
* 3272 local controller
* 3274 cluster controller (different models could be channel-attached or remote via [[Binary Synchronous Communications|BSC]]  or [[Synchronous Data Link Control|SDLC]] communication lines, and had between eight and 32 coaxial ports)
* 3174 cluster controller{{sfn|3174 Introduction|loc=Ch. 1. Introducing the 3174 Establishment Controller - Figure 1-1 Overview of the IBM 3174 Establishment Controller Attachment|p=[http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/3174/GA27-3850-0_3174_Establishment_Controller_Introduction_Apr89.pdf#page=13 1-2]}}

On the 3274 and 3174, IBM used the term '''configuration support''' ''letter'', sometimes followed by a release number, to designate a list of features together with the hardware and microcode needed to support them.

By 1994 the 3174 Establishment Controller supported features such as attachment to multiple hosts via [[Token Ring]], [[Ethernet]], or [[X.25]] in addition to the standard channel attach or SDLC; terminal attachment via [[twisted pair]], Token Ring or Ethernet in addition to 3270 coaxial; and TN3270. They also support attachment of asynchronous ASCII terminals, printers, and plotters alongside 3270 devices.<ref>{{cite book|last=IBM Corporation|title=3174 Establishment Controller/Networking Server Installation Guide|year=1994|url=http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks/pdfs/gg243061.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302094553/http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks/pdfs/gg243061.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-02}}</ref>

==== 3274 controller ====
IBM introduced the 3274 controller family in 1977, replacing the 3271–2 product line.

Where the features of the 3271–2 was hardcoded, the 3274 was controlled by its microcode that was read from the 3274's built-in [[8" floppy drive]].

3274 models included 8, 12, 16, and 32 port remote controllers and 32-port local channel attached units. In total 16 different models were over time released to the market. The 3274-1A was an SNA physical Unit type 2.0 (PU2.0), required only a single address on the channel for all 32 devices and was not compatible with the 3272. The 3274-1B and 3274-1D were compatible with the 3272 and were referred to as local non-SNA models.

The 3274 controllers introduced a new generation of the coax protocol, named Category A, to differentiate them from the Category B coax devices, such as the 3277 terminal and the 3284 printer. The first Category A coax devices were the 3278 and the first color terminal, the IBM 3279 Color Display Station.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ken |last=Shirriff |title=Inside an IBM/Motorola mainframe controller chip from 1981 |date=July 2024 |url=http://www.righto.com/2024/07/ibm-3274-keystone-chip.html}} </ref>

Enabling backward compatibility, it was possible to install coax boards, so-called 'panels', in groups of 4 or 8 supporting the now older Category B coax devices. A maximum of 16 Category B terminals could be supported, and only 8 if the controller were fully loaded with a maximum of 4 panels each supporting 8 Category A devices.

During its life span, the 3274 supported several features including:

* Extended Data Stream
* Extended Highlighting
* Programmed Symbol Set (PSS)
* V.24 interfaces with speed up to 14.4&nbsp;kbit/s
* V.35 interfaces with speed up to 56&nbsp;kbit/s
* X.25 network attachment
* DFT – Distributed Function Terminal
* DSL – Downstream load for 3290 and 3179G
* 9901 and 3299 multiplexer
* Entry Assist
* Dual Logic (the feature of having two sessions from a CUT mode display).

==== 3174 controller ====
IBM introduced the 3174{{sfn|3174 Introduction}} Subsystem Control Unit in 1986, replacing the 3274 product line.

The 3174 was designed to enhance the 3270 product line with many new connectivity options and features. Like the 3274, it was customizable, the main difference was that it used smaller (5.25-inch) diskettes than the 3274 (8-inch diskettes), and that the larger floor models had 10 slots for adapters, some of them were per default occupied by channel adapter/serial interface, coax adapter, etc. Unlike the 3274, any local models could be configured as either local SNA or local non-SNA, including PU2.1 (APPN).
<!-- Or did you need 3174-11L? -->

The models included: 01L, 01R, 02R, 03R, 51R, 52R, 53R, 81R and 82R.

The 01L were local channel attached, the R models remotely connected, and the x3R Token Ring (upstream) connected. The 0xL/R models were floor units supporting up to 32 coax devices through the use of internal or external multiplexers (TMA/3299). The 5xR, models were shelf units with 9 coax ports, expandable to 16, by the connection of a 3299 multiplexer. The smallest desktop units, 8xR, had 4 coax ports expandable to 8, by the connection of a 3299 multiplexer.

In the 3174 controller line IBM also slightly altered the classical [[BNC connector|BNC]] coax connector by changing the BNC connector to DPC – Dual Purpose Connector. The DPC female connector was a few millimeters longer and with a built-in switch that detected if a normal BNC connector were connected or a newer DPC connector was connected, thereby changing the physical layer from 93 ohm unbalanced coax, to 150 ohm balanced twisted-pair, thereby directly supporting the IBM Cabling system without the need for a so-called red balun.

Configuration Support A was the first microcode offered with the 3174. It supported all the hardware modules present at the time, almost all the microcode features found in 3274 and introduced a number of new features including: Intelligent Printer Data Stream (IPDS), Multiple Logical Terminals, Country Extended Code Page (CECP), Response Time Monitor, and Token Ring configured as host interface.

Configuration Support S, strangely following release A, introduced that a local or remote controller could act as 3270 Token-Ring DSPU Gateway, supporting up to 80 Downstream PU's.

In 1989, IBM introduced a new range of 3174 models and changed the name from 3174 Subsystem Control Unit to 3174 Establishment Controller. The main new feature was support for an additional 32 coax port in floor models.

The models included: 11L, 11R, 12R, 13R, 61R, 62R, 63R, 91R, and 92R.

The new line of controllers came with Configuration Support B release 1, increased the number of supported DSPU on the Token-Ring gateway to 250 units, and introduced at the same time 'Group Polling' that offloaded the mainframe/VTAM polling requirement on the channel.

Configuration Support B release 2 to 5, enabled features like: Local Format Storage (CICS Screen Buffer), Type Ahead, Null/Space Processing, ESCON channel support.

In 1990–1991, a total of 7 more models were added: 21R, 21L, 12L, 22L, 22R, 23R, and 90R. The 12L offered ESCON fibreoptic channel attachment. The models with 2xx designation were equal to the 1xx models but repacked for rackmount and offered only 4 adapter slots. The 90R was not intended as a coax controller, it was positioned as a Token Ring 3270 DSPU gateway. However, it did have one coax port for configuring the unit, which with a 3299 multiplexer could be expanded to 8.

The line of controllers came with Configuration Support C to support ISDN, APPN and Peer Communication. The ISDN feature allowed downstream devices, typically PC's, to connect to the 3174 via the ISDN network. The APPN support enabled the 3174 to be a part of an APPN network, and the Peer Communication allowed coax attached PC's with 'Peer Communication Support' to access resources on the Token-Ring network attached to the 3174.

The subsequent releases 2 to 6 of Configuration Support C enables support for: Split screen, Copy from session to session, Calculator function, Access to AS/400 host and 5250 keyboard emulation, Numerous APPN enhancements, TCP/IP Telnet support that allowed 3270 CUT terminals to communicate with TCP/IP servers using Telnet, and at the same time in another screen to communicate with the mainframe using native 3270. TN3270 support where the 3174 could connect to a TN3270 host/gateway, eliminating SNA, but preserving the 3270 data stream. IP forwarding allowing bridging of LAN (Token-Ring or Ethernet) connected devices downstream to the 3174 to route IP traffic onto the Frame Relay WAN interface.

In 1993, three new models were added with the announcement of Ethernet Adapter (FC 3045). The models were: 14R, 24R, and 64R.

This was also IBM's final hardware announcement of 3174.

The floor models, and the rack-mountable units, could be expanded with a range of special 3174 adapters, that by 1993 included: Channel adapter, ESCON adapter, Serial (V.24/V.35) adapter, Concurrent Communication Adapter, Coax adapter, Fiber optic "coax" adapter, Async adapter, ISDN adapter, Token-Ring adapter, Ethernet adapter, and line encryption adapter.

In 1994, IBM incorporated the functions of RPQ 8Q0935 into Configuration Support-C release 3, including the TN3270 client.<ref>{{cite manual
 |       title = Using 3174 in TCP/IP Networks
 |          id = GG24-4172-00
 |        date = June 1994
 |     section = Ch. 9. 3174 TCP/IP Enhancements RPQ 8Q1041 — 9.7 TN3270
 | section-url = http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/3174/GG24-4172-0_Using_3174_in_TCP_IP_Networks_Jun94.pdf#page=298
 |       pages = 269–272 (298– in PDF)
 |         url = http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/3174/GG24-4172-0_Using_3174_in_TCP_IP_Networks_Jun94.pdf
 |        series = Redbooks
 |   publisher = IBM
 }}
</ref>

====Non-IBM Controllers====
=====GTE=====
The GTE IS/7800 Video Display Systems used one of two nominally IBM compatible controllers:

* 7801 (remote, 3271 equivalent)
* 7802 (local, 3277 equivalent)

=====Harris=====
The Harris 8000 Series Terminal Systems used one of four controllers:

* 8171 (remote, 3271 equivalent)
* 8172 (local, 3277 equivalent)
* 8181 (remote, 3271 equivalent)
* 8182 (local, 3277 equivalent)
* 9116
* 9210
* 9220

=====Home grown=====
An alternative implementation of an establishment controller exists in form of OEC (Open Establishment Controller).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ajk.me/building-an-ibm-3270-terminal-controller|title = Building an IBM 3270 terminal controller| date=May 23, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/lowobservable/oec|title=Oec|website=[[GitHub]] |date=October 4, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/lowobservable/coax|title = Coax| website=[[GitHub]] |date = October 16, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/lowobservable/pytn3270|title = Pytn3270| website=[[GitHub]] |date = October 4, 2021}}</ref> It's a combination of an [[Arduino]] [[Arduino#Shields|shield]] with a [[BNC connector|BNC]] connector and a [[Python (programming language)|Python]] program that runs on a [[POSIX]] system. OEC allows to connect a 3270 display to IBM mainframes via TN3270 or to other systems via [[VT100]]. Currently only CUT but not DFT displays are supported.

=====Memorex=====
Memorex had two controllers for its 3277-compatible 1377; the 1371 for remote connection and the 1372 for local connection.<ref>{{cite web
 |    title = 1371/1372 REMOTE/LOCAL CONTROLLER BUSINESS PLAN
 |       id = MRX 19780928
 |     date = September 28, 1978
 |      url = http://mrxhist.org/docs/MRX%2019780928%201371%20Business%20Plan.pdf
 | publisher = COMMUNICATIONS GROUP MEMOREX CORPORATION
|website=Memorex History and Memorabilia
 }}
</ref>

Later Memorex offered a series of controllers compatible with the IBM 3274 and 3174

* 2074
* 2076
* 2174
* 2274

===Multiplexers===
IBM offered a device called 3299 that acted as a multiplexer between an accordingly configured 3274 controller, with the 9901 multiplexer feature, and up to eight displays/printers, thereby reducing the number of coax cables between the 3x74 controller and the displays/printers.

With the introduction of the 3174 controller internal or external multiplexers (3299) became mainstream as the 3174-1L controller was equipped with four multiplexed ports each supporting eight devices. The internal 3174 multiplexer card was named TMA – Terminal Multiplexer adapter 9176.

A number of vendors manufactured 3270 multiplexers before and alongside IBM including Fibronics and Adacom offering multiplexers that supported [[Twisted pair|TTP – Telephone Twisted Pair]] as an alternative to coax, and fiber-optic links between the multiplexers.

In some instances, the multiplexer worked as an "expansion" unit on smaller remote controllers including the 3174-81R / 91R, where the 3299 expanded the number of coax ports from four to eight, or the 3174-51R / 61R, where the 3299 expanded the number of coax ports from eight to 16.