Editing Hypnosis (section)

=== Conscious and unconscious mind ===
Some hypnotists view suggestion as a form of communication that is directed primarily to the subject's conscious mind,<ref name="Rossi">{{cite journal |url=http://www.studiopsicologiamantova.it/psy/psicologia/miltonerickson/what-is-a-suggestion.pdf |title=What is a suggestion? The neuroscience of implicit processing heuristics in therapeutic hypnosis and psychotherapy |first1=Ernest L. |last1=Rossi |first2=Kathryn L. |last2=Rossi |name-list-style=vanc |date=April 2007 |journal=American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=267–81 |doi=10.1080/00029157.2007.10524504 |pmid=17444364 |s2cid=12202594 |access-date=24 April 2013 |archive-date=28 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228151737/http://www.studiopsicologiamantova.it/psy/psicologia/miltonerickson/what-is-a-suggestion.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> whereas others view it as a means of communicating with the "[[unconscious mind|unconscious]]" or "[[subconscious]]" mind.<ref name="Rossi"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://bscw.rediris.es/pub/bscw.cgi/d4523426/Lovatt-Hypnosis_suggestion.pdf |title=Hypnosis and suggestion |last=Lovatt |first=William F. |name-list-style=vanc |publisher=Rider & Co |date=1933{{ndash}}34 |access-date=24 April 2013 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115910/http://bscw.rediris.es/pub/bscw.cgi/d4523426/Lovatt-Hypnosis_suggestion.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> These concepts were introduced into hypnotism at the end of the 19th century by [[Sigmund Freud]] and [[Pierre Janet]]. Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory describes conscious thoughts as being at the surface of the mind and unconscious processes as being deeper in the mind.<ref>Daniel L. Schacter; Daniel T. Gilbert; Daniel M. Wegner, ''Psychology'', 2009, 2011</ref> Braid, Bernheim, and other Victorian pioneers of hypnotism did not refer to the unconscious mind but saw hypnotic suggestions as being addressed to the subject's ''conscious'' mind. Indeed, Braid actually defines hypnotism as focused (conscious) attention upon a dominant idea (or suggestion). Different views regarding the nature of the mind have led to different conceptions of suggestion. Hypnotists who believe that responses are mediated primarily by an "unconscious mind", like [[Milton Erickson]], make use of indirect suggestions such as metaphors or stories whose intended meaning may be concealed from the subject's conscious mind. The concept of [[Subliminal message|subliminal suggestion]] depends upon this view of the mind. By contrast, hypnotists who believe that responses to suggestion are primarily mediated by the conscious mind, such as [[Theodore X. Barber|Theodore Barber]] and [[Nicholas Spanos]], have tended to make more use of direct verbal suggestions and instructions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Spanos |first1=Nicholas P. |last2=Barber |first2=Theodore X. |date=1974 |title=Toward a convergence in hypnosis research. |url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/h0036795 |journal=American Psychologist |language=en |volume=29 |issue=7 |pages=500–511 |doi=10.1037/h0036795 |pmid=4416672 |issn=1935-990X |access-date=28 September 2022 |archive-date=2 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702163814/https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037/h0036795 |url-status=live }}</ref>