Editing Hydrophobe (section)

==Applications and potential applications==
[[Hydrophobic concrete]] has been produced since the mid-20th century.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

Active recent research on superhydrophobic materials might eventually lead to more industrial applications.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bo |first1=Wang |last2=Xueqin |first2=Zhang |last3=Bingkun |first3=Li |last4=Yijie |first4=Liu |last5=Chenguang |first5=Yang |last6=Yujun |first6=Guo |last7=Song |first7=Xiao |last8=Wenfu |first8=Wei |last9=Guoqiang |first9=Gao |last10=Guangning |first10=Wu |date=2024 |title=Advances in superhydrophobic material research: from preparation to electrified railway protection |journal=RSC Advances |language=en |volume=14 |issue=17 |pages=12204–12217 |doi=10.1039/D3RA08180J|pmid=38628488 |pmc=11019352 |bibcode=2024RSCAd..1412204B }}</ref>

A simple routine of coating cotton fabric with [[silica]]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors= Xue CH, Jia ST, Zhang LQ, Chen HZ, Wang M|title=Preparation of superhydrophobic surfaces on cotton textiles|journal=Science and Technology of Advanced Materials|date=1 July 2008|volume=9|issue=3|pages=035008|doi=10.1088/1468-6996/9/3/035008|pmid=27878005|bibcode=2008STAdM...9c5008X|pmc=5099662}}</ref> or [[titanium dioxide|titania]]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors= Xue CH, Jai ST, Chen HZ, Wang H|title=Superhydrophobic cotton fabrics prepared by sol–gel coating of TiO and surface hydrophobization|journal=Science and Technology of Advanced Materials|date=1 July 2008|volume=9|issue=3|pages=035001|doi=10.1088/1468-6996/9/3/035001|pmid=27877998|bibcode=2008STAdM...9c5001X|pmc=5099655}}</ref> particles by [[sol–gel process|sol-gel technique]] has been reported, which protects the fabric from UV light and makes it superhydrophobic.

An efficient routine has been reported for making [[polyethylene]] superhydrophobic and thus self-cleaning.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors= Yuan Z, Chen H, Zhang J, Zhao D, Liu Y, Zhou X, Li S, Shi P, Tang J, Chen X|title=Preparation and characterization of self-cleaning stable superhydrophobic linear low-density polyethylene|journal=Science and Technology of Advanced Materials|date=1 December 2008|volume=9|issue=4|pages=045007|doi=10.1088/1468-6996/9/4/045007|pmid=27878035|bibcode=2008STAdM...9d5007Y|pmc=5099649}}</ref> 99% of dirt on such a surface is easily washed away.

Patterned superhydrophobic surfaces also have promise for lab-on-a-chip microfluidic devices and can drastically improve surface-based bioanalysis.<ref name=Ressine2007>{{cite book |vauthors= Ressine A, Marko-Varga G, Laurell T |title= Porous silicon protein microarray technology and ultra-/superhydrophobic states for improved bioanalytical readout |volume= 13 |pages= 149–200 |year= 2007 |pmid= 17875477 |doi= 10.1016/S1387-2656(07)13007-6 |isbn= 9780444530325 |series= Biotechnology Annual Review}}</ref>

In pharmaceuticals, hydrophobicity of pharmaceutical blends affects important quality attributes of final products, such as [[Dissolution testing|drug dissolution]] and [[Tablet hardness testing|hardness]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=Yifan|last2=Liu|first2=Zhanjie|last3=Muzzio|first3=Fernando|last4=Drazer|first4=German|last5=Callegari|first5=Gerardo|date=2018-03-01|title=A drop penetration method to measure powder blend wettability|journal=International Journal of Pharmaceutics|volume=538|issue=1|pages=112–118|doi=10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.12.034|pmid=29253584|issn=0378-5173|doi-access=free}}</ref> Methods have been developed to measure the hydrophobicity of pharmaceutical materials.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Emady|first1=Heather N.|last2=Kayrak-Talay|first2=Defne|last3=Litster|first3=James D.|date=2013|title=A regime map for granule formation by drop impact on powder beds|journal=AIChE Journal|language=en|volume=59|issue=1|pages=96–107|doi=10.1002/aic.13952|bibcode=2013AIChE..59...96E |issn=1547-5905}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Llusa|first1=Marcos|last2=Levin|first2=Michael|last3=Snee|first3=Ronald D.|last4=Muzzio|first4=Fernando J.|date=2010-02-20|title=Measuring the hydrophobicity of lubricated blends of pharmaceutical excipients|journal=Powder Technology|volume=198|issue=1|pages=101–107|doi=10.1016/j.powtec.2009.10.021|issn=0032-5910}}</ref>

The development of hydrophobic [[passive daytime radiative cooling]] (PDRC) surfaces, whose effectiveness at [[solar reflectance]] and [[thermal emittance]] is predicated on their cleanliness, has improved the "self-cleaning" of these surfaces. Scalable and sustainable hydrophobic PDRCs that avoid [[VOCs]] have further been developed.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Meijie |last2=Pang |first2=Dan |last3=Yan |first3=Hongjie |date=April 2022 |title=Sustainable and self-cleaning bilayer coatings for high-efficiency daytime radiative cooling |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360269482 |journal=Journal of Materials Chemistry |volume=10 |issue=2}}</ref>