Editing Hydrazine (section)

===Small-scale, niche, and research===
[[File:Puch MS 25 with hydrazine-air fuel cell, Technisches Museum Wien.jpg|thumb|Puch Ms 25 motorcycle with a hydrazine-air fuel cell, arguably the world's first ever fuel cell motorcycle, developed by [[Karl Kordesch]]]]
The Italian [[catalyst]] manufacturer Acta (chemical company) has proposed using hydrazine as an alternative to [[hydrogen]] in [[fuel cell]]s. The chief benefit of using hydrazine is that it can produce over 200 m[[watt|W]]/cm<sup>2</sup> more than a similar hydrogen cell without requiring (expensive) [[platinum]] catalysts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theengineer.co.uk/liquid-asset-3/|title=Liquid asset|date=15 Jan 2008|work=[[The Engineer (UK magazine)|The Engineer]]|access-date=23 Jan 2019|publisher=Centaur Media plc}}</ref> Because the fuel is liquid at room temperature, it can be handled and stored more easily than hydrogen. By storing the hydrazine in a tank full of a double-bonded [[carbon]]-[[oxygen]] [[carbonyl]], the fuel reacts and forms a safe solid called [[hydrazone]]. By then flushing the tank with warm water, the liquid hydrazine hydrate is released. Hydrazine has a higher [[electromotive force]] of 1.56 [[volt|V]] compared to 1.23 V for hydrogen. Hydrazine breaks down in the cell to form [[nitrogen]] and [[hydrogen]] which bonds with oxygen, releasing water.<ref name=":0" /> Hydrazine was used in fuel cells manufactured by [[Allis-Chalmers|Allis-Chalmers Corp.]], including some that provided electric power in space satellites in the 1960s.

A mixture of 63% hydrazine, 32% [[hydrazine nitrate]] and 5% water is a standard propellant for experimental [[Bulk loaded liquid propellants|bulk-loaded liquid propellant artillery]]. The propellant mixture above is one of the most predictable and stable, with a flat pressure profile during firing. Misfires are usually caused by inadequate ignition. The movement of the shell after a mis-ignition causes a large bubble with a larger ignition surface area, and the greater rate of gas production causes very high pressure, sometimes including catastrophic tube failures (i.e. explosions).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a263143.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307105240/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a263143.pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=March 7, 2020|title=A Review of the Bulk-Loaded Liquid Propellant Gun Program for Possible Relevance to the Electrothermal Chemical Propulsion Program|last1=Knapton|first1=JD|last2=Stobie|first2=IC|date=Mar 1993|publisher=Army Research Laboratory|id=[https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA263143 ADA263143]|last3=Elmore|first3=L}}</ref> From January–June 1991, the [[U.S. Army Research Laboratory]] conducted a review of early bulk-loaded liquid propellant gun programs for possible relevance to the electrothermal chemical propulsion program.<ref name=":1" />

The [[United States Air Force]] (USAF) regularly uses H-70, a 70% hydrazine 30% water mixture, in operations employing the [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon]] fighter aircraft and the [[Lockheed U-2|Lockheed U-2 "Dragon Lady"]] reconnaissance aircraft. The single jet engine F-16 utilizes hydrazine to power its [[Emergency Power Unit]] (EPU), which provides emergency electrical and hydraulic power in the event of an engine flame out. The EPU activates automatically, or manually by pilot control, in the event of loss of hydraulic pressure or electrical power in order to provide emergency flight controls. The single jet engine U-2 utilizes hydrazine to power its Emergency Starting System (ESS), which provides a highly reliable method to restart the engine in flight in the event of a stall.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.robins.af.mil/Portals/59/documents/technicalorders/00-25-172.pdf?ver=2016-08-22-142719-060|title=Ground Servicing of Aircraft and Static Grounding/Bonding|date=13 Mar 2017|website=[[United States Air Force|USAF]]|type=technical manual|id=TO 00-25-172|access-date=23 Nov 2018}}</ref>