Editing Hungary (section)

====Age of Árpádian kings====
{{Main|Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)|Árpád dynasty}}
[[File:A Szent Korona elölről 2.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The [[Holy Crown of Hungary|Holy Crown]] (''Szent Korona''), one of the key symbols of Hungary. It was gifted to [[Stephen I of Hungary|Saint Stephen]], the first [[King of Hungary]], who converted the nation to Christianity]]

In 972, the ruling prince ({{langx|hu|fejedelem}}) [[Géza, Grand Prince of the Hungarians|Géza]] of the [[Árpád dynasty]] officially started to integrate Hungary into Christian Western Europe.<ref>Attila Zsoldos, [https://books.google.com/books?id=IgoiAQAAIAAJ Saint Stephen and his country: a newborn kingdom in Central Europe: Hungary], Lucidus, 2001, p. 40</ref> His son [[Stephen I of Hungary|Saint Stephen I]] became the first [[King of Hungary]] after defeating his [[paganism|pagan]] uncle [[Koppány]]. Under Stephen, Hungary was recognised as a Catholic [[Apostolic Majesty|Apostolic Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Asia Travel Europe|url=http://www.asiatravel.com/europe/hungaria/travelinfo.html|title=Hungaria Travel Information|work=Asiatravel.com|access-date=21 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905161209/http://asiatravel.com/europe/hungaria/travelinfo.html|archive-date=5 September 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> Applying to [[Pope Sylvester II]], Stephen received the insignia of royalty (including probably a part of the [[Holy Crown of Hungary]]) from the papacy.

By 1006, Stephen consolidated his power and started sweeping reforms to convert Hungary into a Western-style [[Feudalism|feudal state]]. The country switched to using Latin for administration purposes, and until as late as 1844, Latin remained the official language of administration. King [[Ladislaus I of Hungary|Saint Ladislaus]] completed the work of King [[Stephen I of Hungary|Saint Stephen]], consolidating the Hungarian state's power and strengthening [[Christianity]]. His charismatic personality, strategic leadership and military talents resulted in the termination of internal power struggles and foreign military threats.<ref name="Saint Ladislaus DNA">{{Cite journal|last1=Varga|first1=Gergely I B|last2=Kristóf|first2=Lilla Alida|last3=Maár|first3=Kitti|last4=Kis|first4=Luca|last5=Schütz|first5=Oszkár|last6=Váradi|first6=Orsolya|last7=Kovács|first7=Bence|last8=Gînguță|first8=Alexandra|last9=Tihanyi|first9=Balázs |last10=Nagy |first10=Péter L|last11=Maróti|first11=Zoltán|last12=Nyerki|first12=Emil|last13=Török|first13=Tibor|last14=Neparáczki|first14=Endre|date=January 2023|title=The archaeogenomic validation of Saint Ladislaus' relic provides insights into the Árpád dynasty's genealogy|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35809778/|journal=Journal of Genetics and Genomics|volume=50|issue=1|pages=58–61|bibcode=|doi=10.1016/j.jgg.2022.06.008|pmc=|pmid=35809778}}</ref> The wife of the Croatian king [[Demetrius Zvonimir of Croatia|Demetrius Zvonimir]] was Ladislaus's sister.<ref>{{The Early Medieval Balkans |page=283}}</ref> At [[Helen of Hungary, Queen of Croatia|Helen's]] request, Ladislaus intervened in the conflict and invaded Croatia in 1091.{{sfn|Fine|1991|pp=282, 284}} The [[Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)|Kingdom of Croatia]] entered a [[Croatia in personal union with Hungary|personal union]] with the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)|Kingdom of Hungary]] in 1102 with the coronation of King [[Coloman, King of Hungary|Coloman]] as "King of Croatia and Dalmatia" in 1102 in [[Biograd na Moru|Biograd]].<ref name="HR-HU-Heka">{{cite journal|journal=Scrinia Slavonica|issn=1332-4853|title=Hrvatsko-ugarski odnosi od sredinjega vijeka do nagodbe iz 1868. s posebnim osvrtom na pitanja Slavonije|trans-title=Croatian-Hungarian relations from the Middle Ages to the Compromise of 1868, with a special survey of the Slavonian issue|language=hr|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=68144|author=Ladislav Heka|date=October 2008|volume=8|issue=1|pages=152–173|access-date=16 October 2011}}</ref>

[[File:Europe_mediterranean_1097.jpg|alt=1097, Europe, map|thumb|Europe in 1097]]

One of the most powerful and wealthiest king of the Árpád dynasty was [[Béla III of Hungary|Béla III]],<ref>{{cite book | last=Mass | first=K. |authorlink=
Robert K. Massie| title=History of Hungary: Details about the Hungarian Economy, Origins, and Background | publisher=Efalon Acies | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R_IoEQAAQBAJ&pg=PT15 }}</ref> who disposed of the equivalent of 23 tonnes of silver per year, according to a contemporary [[Income register of Béla III of Hungary|income register]]. This exceeded the income of the French king (estimated at 17 tonnes) and was double the receipts of the English Crown.<ref>{{cite book|author=Miklós Molnár|title=A Concise History of Hungary|url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00moln|url-access=registration|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-66736-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00moln/page/46 46]}}</ref> [[Andrew II of Hungary|Andrew II]] issued the ''[[Diploma Andreanum]]'' which secured the special privileges of the [[Transylvanian Saxons]] and is considered the first [[Autonomous administrative division|autonomy]] law in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hungarianhistory.com/lib/autonomy/komlossy.pdf|title=Hungarianhistory.com|access-date=25 November 2010}}</ref> He led the [[Fifth Crusade]] to the [[Holy Land]] in 1217, setting up the largest royal army in the history of Crusades. His [[Golden Bull of 1222]] was the first constitution in [[Continental Europe]]. The lesser nobles also began to present Andrew with grievances, a practice that evolved into the institution of the parliament (''parlamentum publicum'').

In 1241–1242, the kingdom received a major blow with the [[Mongolian invasion of Hungary|Mongol (Tatar) invasion]]. Up to half of Hungary's population of 2 million were victims of the invasion.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-34789/Hungary The Mongol invasion: the last Arpad kings], Encyclopædia Britannica – "The country lost about half its population, the incidence ranging from 60 percent in the Alföld (100 percent in parts of it) to 20 percent in Transdanubia; only parts of Transylvania and the northwest came off fairly lightly."</ref> King [[Béla IV of Hungary|Béla IV]] let [[Cumans]] and [[Jasz people|Jassic people]] into the country, who were fleeing the Mongols.<ref>[http://hungarianhistory.com/lib/hevizi/hevizi.pdf Autonomies in Europe and Hungary]. By Józsa Hévizi.</ref> Over the centuries, they were fully assimilated.<ref>{{cite web|author=cs|url=http://www.nemzetijelkepek.hu/onkormanyzat-jaszbereny_en.shtml|title=National and historical symbols of Hungary|publisher=Nemzetijelkepek.hu|access-date=20 September 2009|archive-date=29 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080729054659/http://www.nemzetijelkepek.hu/onkormanyzat-jaszbereny_en.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> After the Mongols retreated, King Béla ordered the construction of hundreds of stone castles and fortifications, to defend against a possible second Mongol invasion. The [[Second Mongol invasion of Hungary|Mongols returned to Hungary]] in 1285, but the newly built stone-castle systems and new tactics (using a higher proportion of heavily armed knights) stopped them. The invading Mongol force was defeated<ref>{{cite book|author=Pál Engel|title=Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vEJNBqanT_8C&pg=PA109|year=2005|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-85043-977-6|page=109}}</ref> near Pest by the royal army of King [[Ladislaus IV of Hungary|Ladislaus IV]]. As with later invasions, it was repelled handily, the Mongols losing much of their invading force.