Editing Human spaceflight (section)

=== China ===
{{Main|China Manned Space Program}}

[[File:Shenzhou spacecraft assembly.jpg|thumb|right|Chinese [[Shenzhou (spacecraft)|Shenzhou]], first non-USSR and non-USA crewed spacecraft]]
China was the third nation in the world, after the USSR and US, to send humans into space. During the [[Space Race]] between the two superpowers, which culminated with [[Apollo 11]] landing humans on the Moon, [[Mao Zedong]] and [[Zhou Enlai]] decided on 14 July 1967 that China should not be left behind, and initiated their own crewed space program: the top-secret Project 714, which aimed to put two people into space by 1973 with the [[Shuguang spacecraft|Shuguang]] spacecraft. Nineteen [[PLAAF]] pilots were selected for this goal in March 1971. The Shuguang-1 spacecraft, to be launched with the [[CZ-2A]] rocket, was designed to carry a crew of two. The program was officially canceled on 13 May 1972 for economic reasons.

In 1992, under [[China Manned Space Program]] (CMS), also known as "Project 921", authorization and funding was given for the first phase of a third, successful attempt at crewed spaceflight. To achieve independent human spaceflight capability, China developed the [[Shenzhou spacecraft]] and [[Long March 2F]] rocket dedicated to human spaceflight in the next few years, along with critical infrastructures like a new launch site and flight control center being built. The first uncrewed spacecraft, ''[[Shenzhou 1]]'', was launched on 20 November 1999 and recovered the next day, marking the first step of the realization of China's human spaceflight capability. Three more uncrewed missions were conducted in the next few years in order to verify the key technologies. On 15 October 2003 ''[[Shenzhou 5]]'', China's first crewed spaceflight mission, put ''[[Yang Liwei]]'' in orbit for 21 hours and returned safely back to [[Inner Mongolia]], making China the third nation to launch a human into orbit independently.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shenzhou V |url=http://en.cmse.gov.cn/missions/shenzhouv/ |website=China Manned Space |access-date=25 July 2021 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717205601/http://en.cmse.gov.cn/missions/shenzhouv/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The goal of the second phase of CMS was to make technology breakthroughs in [[extravehicular activities]] (EVA, or spacewalk),[[space rendezvous]], and [[Docking and berthing of spacecraft|docking]] to support short-term human activities in space.<ref name="aboutCMS">{{cite web |title=About CMS |url=http://en.cmse.gov.cn/aboutcms/ |website=China Manned Space |access-date=25 July 2021 |archive-date=20 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520053620/http://en.cmse.gov.cn/aboutcms/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 25 September 2008 during the flight of ''[[Shenzhou 7]]'', ''[[Zhai Zhigang]]'' and ''[[Liu Boming (astronaut)|Liu Boming]]'' completed China's first EVA.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shenzhou VII |url=http://en.cmse.gov.cn/missions/shenzhouvii/ |website=China Manned Space |access-date=25 July 2021 |archive-date=19 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119190400/http://en.cmse.gov.cn/missions/shenzhouvii/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2011, China launched the [[Tiangong 1]] target spacecraft and ''[[Shenzhou 8]]'' uncrewed spacecraft. The two spacecraft completed China's first automatic rendezvous and docking on 3 November 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shenzhou VIII |url=http://en.cmse.gov.cn/missions/shenzhouviii/ |website=China Manned Space |access-date=25 July 2021 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717104932/http://en.cmse.gov.cn/missions/shenzhouviii/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> About 9 months later, ''Tiangong 1'' completed the first manual rendezvous and docking with ''[[Shenzhou 9]]'', which carried China's first female astronaut ''[[Liu Yang (astronaut)|Liu Yang]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shenzhou IX |url=http://en.cmse.gov.cn/missions/shenzhouix/ |website=China Manned Space |access-date=25 July 2021 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717104930/http://en.cmse.gov.cn/missions/shenzhouix/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In September 2016, ''[[Tiangong 2]]'' was launched into orbit. It was a space laboratory with more advanced functions and equipment than ''[[Tiangong 1]]''. A month later, ''[[Shenzhou 11]]'' was launched and docked with ''Tiangong 2''. Two astronauts entered ''Tiangong 2'' and were stationed for about 30 days, verifying the viability of astronauts' medium-term stay in space.<ref name="spacelab">{{cite web |title=Space Laboratory Missions |url=http://en.cmse.gov.cn/missions/space_laboratory_missions/ |website=China Manned Space |access-date=25 July 2021}}</ref> In April 2017, China's first cargo spacecraft, ''[[Tianzhou 1]]'' docked with ''Tiangong 2'' and completed multiple in-orbit propellant refueling tests, which marked the successful completion of the second phase of CMS.<ref name="spacelab"/>

The third phase of CMS began in 2020. The goal of this phase is to build China's own space station, [[Tiangong Space Station|''Tiangong'']].<ref>{{cite web |title=China launches new Long March-5B rocket for space station program |url=http://en.cmse.gov.cn/news/202005/t20200506_46488.html |website=China Manned Space |access-date=26 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617054112/http://en.cmse.gov.cn/news/202005/t20200506_46488.html |archive-date=17 June 2021 |date=5 May 2020}}</ref> The first module of ''Tiangong'', the [[Tianhe core module]], was launched into orbit by China's most powerful rocket [[Long March 5B]] on 29 April 2021.<ref name="third step">{{cite web |title=Core Module Tianhe Launch a Complete Success – Construction of China Space Station in Full Swing |url=http://en.cmse.gov.cn/news/202105/t20210528_48002.html |website=China Manned Space |access-date=26 July 2021 |date=30 April 2021}}</ref> It was later visited by multiple cargo and crewed spacecraft and demonstrated China's capability of sustaining Chinese astronauts' long-term stay in space.

According to CMS announcement, all missions of Tiangong Space Station are scheduled to be carried out by the end of 2022.<ref name="CSSplan">{{cite web |title=空间站天和核心舱飞行任务新闻发布会召开 |url=http://www.cmse.gov.cn/ztbd/xwfbh/202106/t20210622_48281.html |website=China Manned Space |access-date=2021-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713065620/http://www.cmse.gov.cn/ztbd/xwfbh/202106/t20210622_48281.html |archive-date=2021-07-13 |date=2021-04-29 |url-status=live |language=zh}}</ref> Once the construction is completed, ''Tiangong'' will enter the application and development phase, which is poised to last for no less than 10 years.<ref name="CSSplan"/>