Editing Human cannibalism (section)

=== Additional motives ===
[[File:Albarello_MUMIA_18Jh.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.85|An 18th-century [[albarello]] used for storing [[mummia]]. [[Medicinal cannibalism]] was widespread in many countries of early modern Europe.]]

''[[Medicinal cannibalism]]'' (also called ''medical cannibalism'') means "the ingestion of human tissue&nbsp;... as a supposed medicine or tonic". In contrast to other forms of cannibalism, which Europeans generally frowned upon, the "medicinal ingestion" of various "human body parts was widely practiced throughout [[Europe]] from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries", with early records of the practice going back to the first century CE.{{sfn|Lindenbaum|2004|p=478}} It was also frequently practised in [[China]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pettersson |first1=Bengt |title=Cannibalism in the Dynastic Histories |journal=Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities |date=1999 |volume=71 |pages=121, 167–180}}</ref>

''Sacrificial cannibalism'' refers the consumption of the flesh of victims of [[human sacrifice]], for example among the [[Aztecs]].{{sfn|Lindenbaum|2004|p=479}} Human and animal remains excavated in [[Knossos]], [[Crete]], have been interpreted as evidence of a ritual in which children and sheep were sacrificed and eaten together during the [[Bronze Age]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Recht |first1=Laerke |title=Symbolic Order: Liminality and Simulation in Human Sacrifice in the Bronze-Age Aegean and Near East |journal=Journal of Religion and Violence |date=2014 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=411–412 |doi=10.5840/jrv20153101 |jstor=26671439 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26671439 |issn=2159-6808}}</ref> According to [[Ancient Rome|Ancient Roman]] reports, the [[Celts]] in [[Great Britain|Britain]] practised sacrificial cannibalism,<ref name=druids-sacrifice>{{cite web |last1=Owen |first1=James |title=Druids Committed Human Sacrifice, Cannibalism? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/druids-sacrifice-cannibalism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320080851/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/druids-sacrifice-cannibalism |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 20, 2021 |website=National Geographic |access-date=May 1, 2023 |language=en |date=March 20, 2009}}</ref> and archaeological evidence backing these claims has by now been found.<ref name=cannibalistic-celts>{{cite web |title=Cannibalistic Celts discovered in South Gloucestershire |url=http://www.bristol.ac.uk/news/2001/cannibal.htm |website=University of Bristol |access-date=May 1, 2023 |date=March 7, 2001}}</ref>

''Infanticidal cannibalism'' or ''cannibalistic infanticide'' refers to cases where newborns or infants are killed because they are "considered unwanted or unfit to live" and then "consumed by the mother, father, both parents or close relatives".{{sfn|Siefkes|2022|p=14}}{{sfn|Travis-Henikoff|2008|p=196}}
[[Infanticide]] followed by cannibalism was practised in various regions, but is particularly well documented among [[Aboriginal Australians]].{{sfn|Travis-Henikoff|2008|p=196}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Róheim |first1=Géza |author-link1= Géza Róheim |title=Children of the Desert: The Western Tribes of Central Australia |volume=1 |date=1976 |publisher=Harper & Row |location=New York |pages=69, 71–72}}</ref> Among animals, such behaviour is called ''[[filial cannibalism]]'', and it is common in many species, especially among fish.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bose |first=Aneesh P. H. |date=2022 |title=Parent–Offspring Cannibalism throughout the Animal Kingdom: A Review of Adaptive Hypotheses |journal=Biological Reviews |language=en |volume=97 |issue=5 |pages=1868–1885 |doi=10.1111/brv.12868 |pmid=35748275 |s2cid=249989939 |issn=1464-7931|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Forbes |first1=Scott |title=A Natural History of Families |date=2005 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton |isbn=978-1-4008-3723-6 |page=171 |doi=10.1515/9781400837236 |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400837236}}</ref>

''Human predation'' is the hunting of people from unrelated and possibly hostile groups in order to eat them. In parts of the [[Southern New Guinea lowland rain forests]], hunting people "was an opportunistic extension of seasonal [[foraging]] or pillaging strategies", with human bodies just as welcome as those of animals as sources of protein, according to the anthropologist Bruce M. Knauft. As populations living near coasts and rivers were usually better nourished and hence often physically larger and stronger than those living inland, they "raided inland 'bush' peoples with impunity and often with little fear of retaliation".{{sfn|Knauft|1999|p=139}} Cases of human predation are also on record for the neighbouring [[Bismarck Archipelago]]{{sfn|Siefkes|2022|p=190–192}} and for [[Australia]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lumholtz |first1=Carl |author-link1=Carl Sofus Lumholtz |title=Among Cannibals: An Account of Four Years' Travels in Australia and of Camp Life with the Aborigines of Queensland |date=1889 |publisher=C. Scribner's Sons |location=New York |pages=72, 176, 271–274 |url=https://archive.org/details/amongcannibalsac1889lumh}}</ref> In the Congo Basin, there lived groups such as the [[Nkutu language|Bankutu]] who hunted humans for food even when game was plentiful.{{sfn|Edgerton|2002|p=87}}{{sfn|Siefkes|2022|p=216–221}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Torday |first1=Emil |author-link1=Emil Torday |title=Camp and Tramp in African Wilds: A Record of Adventure, Impressions, and Experiences During Many Years Spent Among the Savage Tribes Round Lake Tanganyika and in Central Africa ... |date=1913 |publisher=Seeley, Service & Co. |location=London |page=171 |url=https://archive.org/details/camptrampinafric00tord}}</ref>

The term ''innocent cannibalism'' has been used for cases of people eating human flesh without knowing what they are eating. It is a subject of myths, such as the myth of [[Thyestes]] who unknowingly ate the flesh of his own sons.{{sfn|Lindenbaum|2004|p=479}} There are also actual cases on record, for example from the Congo Basin, where cannibalism had been quite widespread and where even in the 1950s travellers were sometimes served a meat dish, learning only afterwards that the meat had been of human origin.{{sfn|Edgerton|2002|p=109}}{{sfn|Hogg|1958|pp=114–115}}