Editing Hui people (section)

=== Huihui ===
''Huihui'' ({{lang|zh|回回}}) was the usual generic term for China's Muslims (White Hui), Persian Christians (Black Hui) and Jews (Blue Hui) during the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] and [[Qing dynasty|Qing dynasties]]. It is thought to have had its origin in the earlier ''Huihe'' ({{lang|zh-hant|回紇}}) or ''Huihu'' ({{lang|zh-hant|[[:zh:回鶻|回鶻]]}}), which was the name for the [[Uyghur Khaganate|Uyghur State]] of the 8th and 9th centuries.<ref name="huihe">{{harvnb|Gladney|1996|p=18}}; or {{harvnb|Lipman|1997|pp=xxiii–xxiv}}</ref> Although the ancient Uyghurs were not Muslims<ref name="huihe"/> the name ''Huihui'' came to refer to foreigners, regardless of language or origin, by the time of the [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan]] (1271–1368)<ref>{{harvnb|Gladney|2004|p=161}}; he refers to {{harvnb|Leslie|1986|pp=195–196}}</ref> and Ming dynasties (1368–1644).<ref name="huihe"/> The use of Hui to denote all foreigners—Muslims, [[Nestorian]] Christians, or Jews—reflects bureaucratic terminology developed over the Yuan and Ming dynasties. Arab were ''white cap'', Persians ''black cap'' and Jews ''blue cap'' Huihui. Islamic mosques and Jewish synagogues at the time were denoted by the same word, ''Qīngzhēnsì'' ({{lang|zh|清真寺}}: Temple of Purity and Truth).<ref>{{cite book |author1=Ting Jiang |author2=Xiansheng Tian |chapter=The Hui People:Identity, Politics, Developments, and Problems |editor1=Xiaobing Li |editor2=Patrick Fuliang Shan |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iB0oCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA124 |title=Ethnic China: Identity, Assimilation, and Resistance |publisher=[[Lexington Books]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-498-50729-5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919014512/https://books.google.com/books?id=iB0oCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA124 |archive-date=19 September 2020 |pages=123–138 [124]}}</ref>

[[Kublai Khan]] called both foreign Jews and Muslims in China ''Huihui'' when he forced them to stop [[halal]] and [[kosher]] methods of preparing food:<ref name="Donald Daniel Leslie 1998 12">{{cite web |url=http://www.islamicpopulation.com/asia/China/China_integration%20of%20religious%20minority.pdf |title=The Integration of Religious Minorities in China: The Case of Chinese Muslims |first=Donald Daniel |last=Leslie |year=1998 |page=12 |publisher=The Fifty-ninth George Ernest Morrison Lecture in Ethnology |access-date=30 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217112014/http://islamicpopulation.com/asia/China/China_integration%20of%20religious%20minority.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2010 }}</ref>
<blockquote>
"Among all the [subject] alien peoples only the Hui-hui say "we do not eat Mongol food". [Cinggis Qa’an replied:] "By the aid of heaven we have pacified you; you are our slaves. Yet you do not eat our food or drink. How can this be right?" He thereupon made them eat. "If you slaughter sheep, you will be considered guilty of a crime." He issued a regulation to that effect{{nbsp}}... [In 1279/1280 under Qubilai] all the Muslims say: "if someone else slaughters [the animal] we do not eat". Because the poor people are upset by this, from now on, Musuluman [Muslim] Huihui and Zhuhu [Jewish] Huihui, no matter who kills [the animal] will eat [it] and must cease slaughtering sheep themselves, and cease the rite of circumcision."
</blockquote>

The widespread and rather generic application of the name ''Huihui'' in Ming China was attested to by foreign visitors as well. [[Matteo Ricci]], the first [[Jesuit China missions|Jesuit]] to reach [[Beijing]] (1598), noted that "Saracens are everywhere in evidence ... their thousands of families are scattered about in nearly every province"{{sfn|Trigault|1953|pp=106–107}} Ricci noted that the term ''Huihui'' or ''Hui'' was applied by Chinese not only to "Saracens" (Muslims) but also to Chinese Jews and supposedly even to Christians.<ref>{{harvnb|Trigault|1953|p=112}}. In [[Samuel Purchas]]'s translation (1625) ([https://archive.org/stream/hakluytusposthu14purcgoog Vol. XII], p. 466): "All these Sects the Chinois call, Hoei, the Jewes distinguished by their refusing to eate the sinew or leg; the Saracens, Swines flesh; the Christians, by refusing to feed on round-hoofed beasts, Asses, Horses, Mules, which all both Chinois, Saracens and Jewes doe there feed on." It's not entirely clear what Ricci means by saying that ''Hui'' also applied to Christians, as he does not report finding any actual local Christians.</ref> In fact, when the reclusive [[Wanli Emperor]] first saw a picture of Ricci and [[Diego de Pantoja]], he supposedly exclaimed, "Hoei, hoei. It is quite evident that they are Saracens", and had to be told by a [[eunuch]] that they actually weren't, "because they ate pork".{{sfn|Trigault|1953|p=375}} The 1916 ''[[Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics]]'', Volume 8 said that Chinese Muslims always called themselves Huihui or Huizi, and that neither themselves nor other people called themselves Han, and they disliked people calling them Dungan.{{sfn|Hastings|Selbie|Gray|1916|p = 892}} French army Commandant Viscount D'Ollone wrote a report on what he saw among Hui in 1910. He reported that due to religion, Hui were classed as a different nationality from Han as if they were one of the other minority groups.{{sfn|Dillon|1999|p = 80}}<ref>Mission d'Ollone, 1906–1909. Recherches sur les Musulmans chinois. Par le Commandant d'Ollone, le capitaine de Fleurelle, le capitaine Lepage, le lieutenant de Boyve. Étude de A. Vissière ... Notes de E. Blochet ... et de divers savants. Ouvrage orné de 91 photographies, estampages, cartes et d'une carte hors texte. Henri Marie Gustave d' OLLONE, Viscount.; Henri Eugène de BOYVE; E Blochet; Pierre Gabriel Edmond GRELLET DES PRADES DE FLEURELLE; Gaston Jules LEPAGE. Paris, 1911. {{OCLC|563949793}}.</ref>

''Huizu'' is now the standard term for the "Hui nationality" (ethnic group), and ''Huimin'', for "Hui people" or "a Hui person". The traditional expression ''Huihui'', its use now largely restricted to rural areas, would sound quaint, if not outright demeaning, to modern urban Chinese Muslims.{{sfn|Gladney|1996|pp = 20–21}}
[[File:Shanghai-Lanzhou-Zhengzong-Niurou-Lamian-2782.jpg|thumb|
Halal (清真) restaurants offering [[Northwestern China|Northwestern]] beef ''[[lamian]]'' can be found throughout the country
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