Editing Hudson Bay (section)

===Climate===
[[File:Ursus maritimus walks over ice.jpg|thumb|Polar bear walks on newly formed ice in early November at Hudson Bay.]]
Northern Hudson Bay has a [[polar climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''ET'') being one of the few places in the world where this type of climate is found south of 60 °N, going farther south towards [[Quebec]], where [[Inukjuak]] is still dominated by the [[tundra]]. From [[Arviat]], [[Nunavut]], to the west to the south and southeast prevails the [[subarctic climate]] (Köppen: ''Dfc''). This is because in the central summer months, heat waves can advance from the hot land and make the weather milder, with the result that the average temperature surpasses {{cvt|10|C}}. The bay receives water from various surrounding rivers and currents originating from the Foxe Basin in the north, resulting in a counterclockwise overall flow.<ref name="EnBr"/> At the extreme southern tip of the extension known as James Bay arises a [[humid continental climate]] with a longer and generally hotter summer. (Köppen: ''Dfb'').<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.plantmaps.com/koppen-climate-classification-map-canada.php|title=Interactive Canada Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Map|website=plantmaps.com|access-date=23 November 2018}}</ref> The average annual temperature in almost the entire bay is around {{cvt|0|C}} or below. In the extreme northeast, winter temperatures average as low as {{cvt|−29|C}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://solargis.info/imaps/#tl=GeoModel:t_yr_avg&loc=63.788228,-89.531335&c=64.358217,-86.704186&z=5 |title=Solargis :: iMaps |website=solargis.info|access-date=23 November 2018}}</ref>

The Hudson Bay region has very low year-round average temperatures. The average annual temperature for [[Churchill, Manitoba|Churchill]] at [[59th parallel north|59°N]] is {{cvt|-6|C}} and Inukjuak, facing cool westerlies in summer at [[58th parallel north|58°N]], an even colder {{cvt|−7|C}}. By comparison, [[Magadan]], in a comparable position at 59°N on the Eurasian landmass in the [[Russian Far East]] and with a similar [[subarctic climate]], has an annual average of {{cvt|−2.7|C}}.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://pogoda.ru.net/climate/25913.htm|title = КЛИМАТ МАГАДАНА |access-date = 7 June 2020 |publisher = Погода и Климат}}</ref> Vis-à-vis geographically closer Europe, contrasts stand much more extreme. [[Arkhangelsk]] at [[64th parallel north|64°N]] in northwestern Russia has an average of {{cvt|2|C}},<ref>GHCN climatic monthly data, GISS, using 1995–2007 annual averages</ref> while the mild continental coastline of [[Stockholm]] at 59°N on the shore of an analogous large hyposaline marine inlet – the [[Baltic Sea]] – has an annual average of {{cvt|8|C}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/listenormale-1981-2010-1-p207.php|title=Climate normals for Sweden 1981–2010|publisher=Météo Climat|access-date=1 May 2018}}</ref>

Water temperature peaks at {{cvt|8|–|9|C}} on the western side of the bay in late summer. It is largely frozen over from mid-December to mid-June, when it usually clears from its eastern end westwards and southwards. A steady increase in regional temperatures over the last 100 years has led to decreases in the extent of the sea ice in Hudson Bay by 19.5% per decade.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tivy |first1=Adrienne |last2=Howell |first2=Stephen E. L. |last3=Alt |first3=Bea |last4=McCourt |first4=Steve |last5=Chagnon |first5=Richard |last6=Crocker |first6=Greg |last7=Carrieres |first7=Tom |last8=Yackel |first8=John J. |date=5 March 2011 |title=Trends and variability in summer sea ice cover in the Canadian Arctic based on the Canadian Ice Service Digital Archive, 1960–2008 and 1968–2008 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|volume=116 |issue=C3 |doi=10.1029/2009JC005855 |bibcode=2011JGRC..116.3007T |issn=0148-0227|doi-access=free }}</ref> As well as a lengthening of the ice-free period, which was as short as four months in the late 17th century.<ref>General Survey of World Climatology, Landsberg ed., (1984), Elsevier.</ref>

The polar climate of Hudson Bay means it is home for a variety of polar climate animals, in the Western Hudson Bay (WHB) [[beluga whale]] population is the most significant known group in the [[Northern Canada|Canadian Arctic]], estimated to consist of approximately 54,473 individuals.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ausen |first1=Emma L. |last2=Barber |first2=David G. |last3=Basu |first3=Atreya |last4=Ehn |first4=Jens |last5=Walker |first5=David |last6=Dalman |first6=Laura |last7=Marcoux |first7=Marianne |date=30 June 2023 |title=River-influenced beluga ( Delphinapterus leucas) summer habitat use in western Hudson Bay, Canada |journal=Arctic Science|doi=10.1139/as-2022-0040 |s2cid=259758204 |issn=2368-7460|doi-access=free }}</ref>

{{Arviat weatherbox}}
{{Churchill, Manitoba weatherbox}}
{{Coral Harbour weatherbox}}
{{Inukjuak weatherbox}}
{{Kuujjuarapik weatherbox}}
{{Rankin Inlet weatherbox}}