Editing Horae (section)

=== The classical Horae triads ===
The earliest written mention of ''Horai'' is in the ''[[Iliad]]'' where they appear as keepers of [[Zeus]]'s cloud gates.<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' 5.749-51</ref> "Hardly any traces of that function are found in the subsequent tradition," [[Karl Galinsky]] remarked in passing.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Galinsky|first=Karl|date=July 1992|title=Venus, Polysemy, and the Ara Pacis Augustae|journal=American Journal of Archaeology|volume=96| issue=3 |pages= 459| doi=10.2307/506068 | jstor=506068 | s2cid=191395407 }}</ref> They were daughters of [[Zeus]] and [[Themis]], younger sisters of the [[Moirai]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Seasons Sarcophagus at Dumbarton Oaks|last=Hanfmann|first=G.M.A.|year=1951|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae, vol. 5.1|last=Machaira|first=V.|year=1990|isbn=3-7608-8751-1|pages=502f}}</ref>

The Horai are mentioned in two aspects in [[Hesiod]]<ref>Hesiod, ''[[Theogony]]'' 901 ff.</ref> and the [[Homeric Hymns]]:<ref>''[[Homeric Hymn]] to Aphrodite,'' 6.2 ff & ''to Pythian Apollo,'' 3.186 ff</ref>
* in one variant emphasizing their fruitful aspect, Thallo, Auxo, and Carpo —the goddesses of the three seasons the Greeks recognized: spring, summer and autumn— were worshipped primarily amongst rural farmers throughout Greece;
* in the other variant, emphasizing the "right order" aspect of the Horai, Hesiod says that Zeus wedded "bright [[Themis]]" who bore Dike, Eunomia, and Eirene, who were law-and-order goddesses that maintained the stability of society; they were worshipped primarily in the cities of [[Athens]], [[Argos, Peloponnese|Argos]], and [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]].

==== First triad ====
[[File:"Ausschließlich Fundstücke und Objekte von der Akropolis von Athen" werden hier ausgestellt. 09.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Marble reliefs of two female figures, who may be Horae, [[Acropolis Museum]], [[Athens]]<ref>[[Acropolis Museum]], [https://www.theacropolismuseum.gr/en/relief-plaque-depicting-female-dancer-0 EAM 259], [https://www.theacropolismuseum.gr/en/relief-plaque-depicting-female-dancer EAM 260].</ref>]]
Of the first, more familiar, triad associated with [[Aphrodite]] and Zeus is their origins as emblems of times of life, growth (and the classical three seasons of year):
* Thallo (Θαλλώ, from θάλλειν (''thallein'' 'to sprout, grow', esp. fruit trees)<ref>{{cite dictionary
| title = θάλλω, ‘’v’’. | dictionary = A Greek-English Lexicon | editor1-last = Liddell | editor1-first = Henry |editor2-last=Scott |editor2-first=Robert |publisher=Clarendon Press | date = 1940 |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dqa%2Fllw}}</ref> or Thalatte was the goddess of [[spring (season)|spring]], buds and blooms, a protector of youth.
* Auxo (Αὐξώ, from αὐξάνειν (''auxanein'', 'to increase')<ref>{{cite dictionary
| title = αὐξάνω, ‘’v’’. | dictionary = A Greek-English Lexicon | editor1-last = Liddell | editor1-first = Henry |editor2-last=Scott |editor2-first=Robert |publisher=Clarendon Press | date = 1940 |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dau)ca%2Fnw}}</ref> or Auxesia was worshipped (alongside [[Hegemone]]) in [[Athens]] as one of their two [[Charites]], Auxo was the Charis of spring and Hegemone was the Charis of autumn. One of the Horae, and the goddess and personification of the season of [[summer]]; she is the protector of vegetation and plants, and growth and fertility.
* Carpo (Καρπώ, from καρπῶν (''karpōn'') 'to bear fruit')<ref>{{cite dictionary
| title = καρπόω, ‘’v’’. | dictionary = A Greek-English Lexicon | editor1-last = Liddell | editor1-first = Henry |editor2-last=Scott |editor2-first=Robert |publisher=Clarendon Press | date = 1940 |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dkarpo%2Fw}}</ref> Carpho, Xarpo or Damia (not to be mistaken with [[Karpos]]) was the one who brings food and was in charge of [[autumn]], [[ripening]], and [[harvest]]ing, as well as guarding the way to [[Mount Olympus (Mountain)|Mount Olympus]] and letting back the clouds surrounding the mountain if one of the gods left. She was an attendant to [[Persephone]], [[Aphrodite]], and [[Hera]], and was also associated with [[Dionysus]], [[Apollo]], and [[Pan (mythology)|Pan]].

At Athens, two Horae: Thallo (the Hora of spring) and Carpo (the Hora of autumn), also appear in rites of [[Attica]] noted by [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] in the 2nd century AD.<ref>Pausanias, 9.35.2</ref><ref name=":0">[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''Fabulae'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#183 183]</ref>

==== Second triad ====
[[File:Jacob Jordaens- Al·legoria de la Pau.jpg|thumb|An allegory of the peace and happiness of the state; depicted are Dike (justice), Eunomia (order) and, in the center, Eirene (peace).The painting is by [[Jacob Jordaens]]|279x279px]]
Of the second triad associated to Themis and Zeus for law and order:
* [[Dike (mythology)|Dike]] (Δίκη, "Justice", her Roman equivalent was [[Iustitia]]) was the goddess of morality and justice: she ruled over human justice, as her mother [[Themis]] ruled over divine justice. The [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphisation]] of Diké as an ever-young woman dwelling in the cities of men was so ancient and strong that in the 3rd century BCE [[Aratus]] in ''[[Aratus|Phaenomena]]'' 96 asserted that she was born a mortal and that, though Zeus placed her on earth to keep mankind just, he quickly learned this was impossible and placed her next to him on Olympus, as the Greek astronomical/astrological constellation [[Virgo (constellation)|The Maiden]].
* [[Eunomia (goddess)|Eunomia]] (Εὐνομία, "Order", her Roman equivalent was Disciplina) was the goddess of law and legislation. The same or a different goddess may have been a daughter of [[Hermes]] and [[Aphrodite]].
* [[Eirene (Greek goddess)|Eirene]] (Εἰρήνη. "Peace", her Roman equivalent was [[Pax (mythology)|Pax]]) was the personification of peace and wealth, and was depicted in art as a beautiful young woman carrying a [[cornucopia]], [[scepter]], and a torch or [[rhyton]].

==== Third triad ====
The last triad of Horae was identified by [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]]:<ref name=":0" />
* [[Pherusa]] (Substance)
* Euporie (Abundance)
* Orthosie (Prosperity)