Editing Honour (section)

==War of 1812==
Historian Norman Risjord emphasised the importance of honour as a cause of the [[War of 1812]], which the United States launched against Britain despite Britain's much more powerful naval and military strength.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Risjord | first1 = Norman K. | year = 1961| title = 1812: Conservatives, War Hawks and the Nation's Honor | journal = William and Mary Quarterly | volume = 1961 | issue = 2| pages = 196–210 | jstor=1918543| doi = 10.2307/1918543 }}</ref> Americans of every political stripe saw the need to uphold national honour, and to reject the treatment of the United States by Britain as a third class nonentity. Americans talked incessantly about the need for force in response.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Ivie | first1 = Robert L. | year = 1982 | title = The metaphor of force in prowar discourse: The case of 1812 | journal = Quarterly Journal of Speech | volume = 68 | issue = 3| pages = 240–253 | doi=10.1080/00335638209383610}}</ref> This quest for honour was a major cause of the war in the sense that most Americans who were not involved in mercantile interests or threatened by Indian attack strongly endorsed the preservation of national honour.<ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Bradford|editor-last=Perkins|title=The causes of the War of 1812: National honor or national interest?|publisher=Holt, Rinehart, and Wilson|year=1962|lccn=62-18809}}</ref> [[Chesapeake–Leopard affair|The humiliating attack]] by HMS ''Leopard'' against USS ''Chesapeake'' in June 1807 was a decisive event.<ref>{{cite book|first=Spencer|last=Tucker|title=Injured Honor: The Chesapeake-Leopard Affair, June 22, 1807|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=1996}}</ref>  Historians documented the importance of honour in shaping public opinion in a number of states, including Massachusetts,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Barlow | first1 = William | last2 = Powell | first2 = David O. | year = 1978 | title = Congressman Ezekiel Bacon of Massachusetts and the Coming of the War of 1812 | journal = Historical Journal of Massachusetts | volume = 6 | issue = 2| page = 28 }}</ref> Ohio,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Barlow | first1 = William R. | year = 1963 | title = Ohio's Congressmen and the War of 1812 | journal = Ohio History | volume = 72 | pages = 175–94 }}</ref> Pennsylvania,<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite book|first=Victor|last=Sapio|title=Pennsylvania and the War of 1812|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|year=2015}}
|2={{cite journal|first=Martin|last=Kaufman|title=War Sentiment in Western Pennsylvania: 1812|journal=Pennsylvania History|year=1964|pages=436–448}}
}}</ref> and Tennessee,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Walker | first1 = William A. | year = 1961 | title = Martial Sons: Tennessee Enthusiasm for the War of 1812 | journal = Tennessee Historical Quarterly | volume = 20 | issue = 1| page = 20 }}</ref> as well as the territory of Michigan.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Barlow | first1 = William | year = 1969 | title = The Coming of the War of 1812 in Michigan Territory | journal = Michigan History | volume = 53 | pages = 91–107 }}</ref> Americans widely celebrated the conclusion of the war as successful, especially after the spectacular defeat of the main British invasion army at New Orleans<ref name="Valaik">{{cite book |author1=J David Valaik |editor1-last=Carroll |editor1-first=John Martin |editor2-last=Baxter |editor2-first=Colin F. |title=The American Military Tradition: From Colonial Times to the Present |date=2007 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-4428-4 |page=54 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UMuKtxqRH8wC&dq=In+an+outpouring+of+nationalism+,+the+country+celebrated+the+conclusion+of+the+War+of+1812+as+a+victory+,+highlighted+by+Andrew+Jackson%27s+magnificent+stand+before+New+Orleans+(&pg=PA54 |access-date=26 July 2022 |language=en |quote=All in all, they fought one of the world's leading powers to a draw, which was formalized in the Treaty of Ghent (1814). In an outpouring of nationalism, the country celebrated the conclusion of the War of 1812 as a victory, highlighted by Andrew Jackson's magnificent stand before New Orleans (1815) and a number of spectacular naval triumphs.}}</ref> restored the American sense of honour. 
:National honor, the reputation of republican government, and the continuing supremacy of the Republican party had seemed to be at stake... National honor had [now] been satisfied,{{clarify|text="|reason=where does this quote begin?|date=August 2023}} says historian Lance Banning, "Americans celebrated the end of the struggle with a brilliant burst of national pride."<ref>{{cite book|author=Lance Banning|title=The Jeffersonian Persuasion: Evolution of a Party Ideology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YL-HcJj1MO0C&pg=PA295|year=1980|publisher=Cornell UP|page=295|isbn=978-0-8014-9200-6}}</ref>

The British showed respect for American honour. "Some of the strongest praise for America and swiftest recognition of what the young republic had achieved for American honor, prestige, and power came from within British naval circles."<ref>{{cite book|first1=Pietro S.|last1=Nivola|first2=Peter J.|last2=Kastor|title=What So Proudly We Hailed: Essays on the Contemporary Meaning of the War of 1812|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPTwToNNWx8C&pg=PA58|year=2012|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|pages=58–59|isbn=978-0-8157-2415-5}}</ref> Britain refrained from interfering with American maritime interests and ceased with the [[impressment]] of American citizens following the war.

=== Predisposition in the United States of America ===

A 2016 study suggests that honour culture increases the risk of war. The study found that international conflicts under U.S. presidents who were raised in the South of the country "are shown to be twice as likely to involve uses of force, last on average twice as long, and are three times more likely to end in victory for the United States than disputes under non-Southern presidents. Other characteristics of Southern presidencies do not seem able to account for this pattern of results."<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{Cite journal|last1=Dafoe|first1=Allan|last2=Caughey|first2=Devin|date=2016-04-01|title=Honor and War|journal=World Politics|volume=68|issue=2|pages=341–381|doi=10.1017/S0043887115000416|issn=1086-3338|doi-access=free}}
|2={{Cite web|title=It takes a southerner to start (and win) a war|website=The Boston Globe|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/ideas/2016/04/14/takes-southerner-start-and-win-war/pb910eYNU1FQozqmwmDnRO/story.html|access-date=2021-03-22|language=en-US}}
|3={{Cite journal|last1=Dafoe|first1=Allan|last2=Renshon|first2=Jonathan|last3=Huth|first3=Paul|date=2014-05-11|title=Reputation and Status as Motives for War|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=371–393|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-071112-213421|issn=1094-2939|doi-access=free}}
}}</ref>