Editing Home economics (section)

=== Germany ===
[[File:RSOfleiden1898Gartenarbeitunbek.jpg|thumb|Gardening in Ofleiden, 1898]]
Between 1880 and 1900, the [[Reifenstein schools]] concept was initiated by Ida von Kortzfleisch, a Prussian noble woman and early German feminist. Reifenstein refers to Reifenstein im Eichsfeld, a municipality in Thuringia and site of the first permanent school. Reifensteiner Verband comprised from 1897 till 1990 about 15 own schools and cooperated with further operators. About 40 wirtschaftliche Frauenschulen, [[rural economics|rural economist]] women schools were connected to the Reifensteiner concept and movement and allowed higher education for women already in the German Kaiserreich.<ref>Ortrud Wörner-Heil: Adelige Frauen als Pionierinnen der Berufsbildung: die ländliche Hauswirtschaft und der Reifensteiner Verband kassel university press GmbH, 2010</ref>  The 1913 doctorate of Johannes Kramer compared different concepts of home economic education worldwide and praised the system e.g. in Iowa.<ref>Johannes Kramer: Das ländlich-hauswirtschaftliche Bildungswesen in Deutschland, University of Erlangen doctorate, Fulda 1913</ref>
Additionally, home economics are taught as an optional course in lower- and mid-level secondary schools (Haupt- und Realschule).