Editing Hollow Earth (section)

=== 20th century ===
''[[NEQUA or The Problem of the Ages]]'', first serialized in a newspaper printed in Topeka, Kansas in 1900 and considered an early [[feminist utopia]]n novel, mentions John Cleves Symmes' theory to explain its setting in a hollow Earth.

An early 20th-century proponent of hollow Earth, [[William Reed (author)|William Reed]], wrote ''[[Phantom of the Poles]]'' in 1906. He supported the idea of a hollow Earth, but without interior shells or the inner sun.

The [[Spiritualism (movement)|spiritualist]] writer [[Walburga, Lady Paget]] in her book ''[[Colloquies with an unseen friend]]'' (1907) was an early writer to mention the hollow Earth hypothesis. She claimed that cities exist beneath a desert, which is where the people of [[Atlantis]] moved. She said an entrance to the subterranean kingdom will be discovered in the 21st century.<ref>Paget Walburga, ''Colloquies with an unseen friend'', William Rider & Son., London, 1909, p. 36</ref>

Marshall Gardner wrote ''[[A Journey to the Earth's Interior]]'' in 1913 and published an expanded edition in 1920. He placed an interior sun in the Earth and built a working model of the Hollow Earth which he patented ({{US patent|1096102}}). Gardner made no mention of Reed, but did criticize Symmes for his ideas. Around the same time, [[Vladimir Obruchev]] wrote a novel titled ''[[Vladimir Obruchev|Plutonia]]'', in which the Hollow Earth possessed an inner Sun and was inhabited by prehistoric species. The interior was connected with the surface by an opening in the [[Arctic]].

The explorer [[Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski|Ferdynand Ossendowski]] wrote a book in 1922 titled ''Beasts, Men and Gods''. Ossendowski said he was told about a subterranean kingdom that exists inside the Earth. It was known to [[Buddhists]] as [[Agartha|Agharti]].<ref>Ferdynand Ossendowski (1922). ''Beasts, Men and Gods''. New York: E. P. Dutton & Company.</ref>

[[George Papashvily]] in his ''Anything Can Happen'' (1940) claimed the discovery in the [[Caucasus Mountains]] of a cavern containing human skeletons "with heads as big as bushel baskets" and an ancient tunnel leading to the center of the Earth. One man entered the tunnel and never returned.<ref>George & Helen Papashvily,&nbsp;– ''Anything Can Happen''., Harper & Bros., New York, NY., 1940</ref>

Novelist [[Lobsang Rampa]] in his book ''[[The Cave of the Ancients]]'' said an underground chamber system exists beneath the [[Himalayas]] of [[Tibet]], filled with ancient machinery, records and treasure.<ref>''Cave of the Ancients'', Lobsang Rampa, [[Random House]], 1993</ref> [[Michael Grumley]], a [[cryptozoologist]], has linked [[Bigfoot]] and other [[hominid]] [[cryptids]] to ancient tunnel systems underground.<ref>''There are Giants in the Earth'', Michael Grumley, Panther Books, 1976, pp. 42–47</ref>

According to the [[ancient astronaut]] writer [[Peter Kolosimo]] a robot was seen entering a tunnel below a [[monastery]] in Mongolia. Kolosimo also claimed a light was seen from underground in Azerbaijan.<ref>[[Peter Kolosimo]], ''Not of this World'', Sphere Books 1974 {{ISBN|0-7221-5309-0}} also see Peter Kolosimo, Timeless Earth, Citadel Pr, 1988 Edition {{ISBN|0-8065-1070-6}}</ref> Kolosimo and other ancient astronaut writers such as [[Robert Charroux]] linked these activities to [[Unidentified flying object|UFOs]].

A book by "Dr. [[Raymond W. Bernard|Raymond Bernard]]" which appeared in 1964, ''The Hollow Earth'', exemplifies the idea of UFOs coming from inside the Earth, and adds the idea that the [[Ring Nebula]] proves the existence of hollow worlds, as well as speculation on the fate of [[Atlantis]] and the origin of flying saucers.<ref>{{cite book|last=Reece|first=Gregory L.|title=UFO Religion: Inside Flying Saucer Cults and Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/uforeligioninsid00reec|url-access=limited|publisher=I. B. Tauris|year=2007|page=[https://archive.org/details/uforeligioninsid00reec/page/n27 17]|isbn=978-1-84511-451-0}}</ref> An article by [[Martin Gardner]] revealed that Walter Siegmeister used the pseudonym "Bernard", but not until the 1989 publishing of Walter Kafton-Minkel's ''Subterranean Worlds: 100,000 Years of Dragons, Dwarfs, the Dead, Lost Races & UFOs from Inside the Earth'' did the full story of Bernard/Siegmeister become well-known.<ref>Walter Kafton-Minkel ''Subterranean Worlds: 100,000 Years of Dragons, Dwarfs, the Dead, Lost Races and Ufos from Inside the Earth'' [[Loompanics Unlimited]], 1989 {{ISBN|978-1559500159}}</ref>

The science fiction [[pulp magazine]] ''[[Amazing Stories]]'' promoted one such idea from 1945 to 1949 as "The Shaver Mystery". The magazine's editor, [[Raymond A. Palmer|Ray Palmer]], ran a series of stories by [[Richard Sharpe Shaver]], claiming that a superior pre-historic race had built a [[honeycomb]] of caves in the Earth, and that their degenerate descendants, known as "Dero", live there still, using the fantastic machines abandoned by the ancient races to torment those of us living on the surface. As one characteristic of this torment, Shaver described "voices" that purportedly came from no explainable source. Thousands of readers wrote to affirm that they, too, had heard the fiendish voices from inside the Earth. The writer [[David Hatcher Childress]] authored ''Lost Continents and the Hollow Earth'' (1998) in which he reprinted the stories of Palmer and defended the Hollow Earth idea based on alleged tunnel systems beneath South America and Central Asia.<ref>[[David Hatcher Childress]] ''Lost Continents and the Hollow Earth ''Adventures Unlimited Press, 1998 {{ISBN|978-0932813633}}</ref>

Hollow Earth proponents have claimed a number of different locations for the entrances which lead inside the Earth. Other than the North and South poles, entrances in locations which have been cited include: Paris in France,<ref>''Alien races and Fantastic Civilizations'', Serge Hutin, Berkeley Medallion Books, 1975, pp. 109–132&nbsp;– In the Bowels of the Earth: Refers to the mysterious catacombs beneath Paris, and other underground mysteries which lead inside the Earth.</ref> [[Staffordshire]] in England,<ref>''The Under-People'', Eric Norman, Award Books, 1969</ref> [[Montreal]] in Canada,<ref>''Inner Earth People And Outer Space People'', William L. Blessing, Inner Light Publications, 2008 Edition {{ISBN|1-60611-036-5}}</ref> [[Hangzhou]] in China,<ref>''Chinese ghouls and goblins'', G Willoughby-Meade, Stokes co, 1929</ref> and the [[Amazon rainforest]].<ref>''Mysteries of Ancient South America'', Harold T. Wilkins, Citadel Press.', New York, 1956</ref>